IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - 76

30% Electricity
Consumption in SA
200,000 MW
~6,000 km2
~600,000 Ha
3 × (45 × 45 km2)
15 × (20 × 20 km2)

figure 7. One vision of solar energy development in
Chile: it could supply 30% of electricity demand in South
America by 2035.

varied, alternative future trends for solar energy can be identified. In the case of a low-investment-cost scenario, a systematic penetration of solar energy starting in the year 2019
would be possible.
It should be noted, however, that the PV output from
plants in the Atacama Desert is unaffected during most of
the year by cloud-induced fluctuations, and therefore such
controls will not be necessary there. Further, the first interconnection between the northern and central interconnected
systems is being planned for 2017. The storage capacity of

New Capacity High Investment Costs (MW)
PV
Wind
DieselL
LNG OC

LNG CC
Coal
Biomass

Solar energy is not only recognized as a source of electrical
power but also as a heat source. As described above, its early
development was associated with heat instead of electricity.
In the case of Chile, heat production based on solar energy
is related to the mining industry. Many copper production
processes present a high heat demand; in fact, there are successful examples of heated water production for electrowinning processes such as the Pampa Elvira Solar project, with
an annual production of 51,800 thermal megawatt-hours
(MWht). Nevertheless, this is not a unique application of

20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

New Capacity Low Investment Costs (MW)
Run of River
Mini Hydro
Geothermal
CSP

PV
LNG CC
Wind
Coal
DieselL Biomass
LNG OC

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030

Run of River
Mini Hydro
Geothermal
CSP

Heat Production

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030

20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

hydro units in the south of Chile will thus be available for
solar energy compensation in both systems.
In the case of Chile, PV deployment has been focused on
medium- and large-scale power plants, which is the opposite
of what has occurred in other countries where distributed generation has played a significant role (i.e., Germany, Australia,
and Italy). Nevertheless, as mentioned before, in 2012 the
government implemented a law facilitating the supply of surplus energy to distribution networks by small generating units
(less than 100 kW). In fact, this law lets regulated clients that
have installed electrical generating equipment for supplying
their own electricity needs, using nonconventional renewable
energy or efficient combined heat and power (CHP), to feed
electricity they have generated into the distribution network
under a net billing scheme. Nowadays, the rules for applying
this mechanism have been clarified, and there is a great deal
of expectation about the results. In this context, PVs appears
as the key technology to be deployed, but such expectations
are to a large extent aimed at commercial users, as the mechanism does not imply subsidies and most residential users do
not have the means to afford investments of this type. Finally,
along with the rules, a technical standard for the connection
and operation of such facilities at both the low- and mediumvoltage levels has been developed.

(a)

(b)

figure 8. Generation expansion scenarios with (a) high investment costs and (b) low investment costs (source: GIZ Energy
Ministry, Chile).
76

ieee power & energy magazine

march/april 2015



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover4
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