IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 33

Modeling
Assumptions and Outputs

Economic
Analysis Outputs

Bulk-System Characteristics
LMP and Carbon Cost Rates
Capacity Cost Rates

Cost of Serving Load Growth:
* Energy Cost (Load/Losses)
* Capacity Cost
* Carbon Cost

Distribution-System/Feeder
Energy Growth
Load Shape

Load Cost
(US$/kWhgrth)

Cost of Distribution Upgrades:
* Asset Ownership Costs
(Revenue Requirements)

One of:

* O&M Costs

Ten-Year Distribution
Upgrade Plans to Satisfy
Voltage, Capacity, and
Protection Constraints

Cost and Value of DER:
* Equipment Cost
(Utility Procurement)
* Net Energy Value
* Loss-Reduction Value
* Carbon-Reduction Value
* Avoided Capacity Value

Ten-Year DER Plans to
Satisfy Voltage, Capacity,
and Protection Constraints

Accommodation
(US$/kWhgrth)

Incremental
Cost to Serve
Growth in Load
(US$/kWhgrth)

figure 5. The economic evaluation of alternative upgrade plans.

The Need for a DER Portfolio
For DERs to provide capacity relief to the grid, they must be

PV production can range from 80% of rated output all the way

able to provide the additional capacity when needed. PVs alone

down to lower than 10%, while the minimum values are on the

can provide significant energy to the grid, but their ability to

order of lower than 5%. While the orientation of PV panels can

provide capacity can be limited due to their intermittent na-

be adjusted to "shift" the peak solar production to later in the

ture. For example, Figure S1 illustrates the peak demand profile

day, this has limited capability and does not address the inter-

for seven feeders within the SCE area. On average, the feeders

mittent nature of the resource (due to cloud shading). Addition-

peak between 1,300 and 1,800 h. This can be contrasted with

al capacity can be achieved through supplemental resources.

Figure S2, which illustrates a statistical representation of mea-

As such, a portfolio of mixed DER technologies that can be used

sured PV production during this same period of the year. As

in aggregate to provide available, reliable, and durable service

can be seen, during the peak load hours of the day the median

is needed.

500
Power (% of Rating)

100

400
300
200
100
0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Feeder Load (A)

600

Local Time (Hour of Day)
Brakeman
Trident

Boothill
Show

Wahoo
Lawman

Utopia

figure S1. A feeder peak-day load profile for the SCE
study area.

march/april 2017

Daily Power Distribution By Hour
for Hammock Summer (July-September) 2015

80
60
40
20
0

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Local Time (Hour of Day)
Max/Min

Median

Inner Quartile

figure S2. A statistical representation of measured PV
production.

ieee power & energy magazine

33



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