IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 35

(a)

(b)

32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

20.0

Dist. Equip.
Energy
Losses
Carbon
Capacity
DER Cost
DER Expense
DER Energy
DER Losses
DER Capacity
DER Carbon
Total

15.7

Incremental Cost (cents/kWh)

32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

Dist. Equip.
Energy
Losses
Carbon
Capacity
DER Cost
DER Expense
DER Energy
DER Losses
DER Capacity
DER Carbon
Total

14.7

Incremental Cost (cents/kWh)

32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

Dist. Equip.
Energy
Losses
Carbon
Capacity
DER Cost
DER Expense
DER Energy
DER Losses
DER Capacity
DER Carbon
Total

Incremental Cost (cents/kWh)

Total DER Output at Peak (MW)

Figure 7 summarizes the total
45
amount of DERs required in each
year for the two alternatives. Over
40
36.4 36.3
the study period, the analysis indi36.2
34.2 34.6
34.1
cates that 12.1 MW of DERs are re32.9
35
30.4
quired to eliminate violations due to
30
load growth without any headroom,
and three times as much (36.2 MW)
25
21.6
of DERs are required to achieve a
20
10% headroom criterion. The triple increase in the DERs needed to
15
12.2 12.1
12.1
10.7
10.2
provide comparable headroom in
9.7
8.4
10
7.1
7.0
year 2025 reflects the complexity
in designing and evaluating miti3.3
5
0.8
gation alternatives on networks as
0
well as the cost to gain similar per2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
formance characteristics.
Year
Two factors are at work that
0% Headroom
10% Headroom
result in the large increase in required DERs. Nodes are assigned
DERs starting with one that pro- figure 7. The total DER output required to eliminate all violations of limits on a
vides the greatest relief. As nodes network system.
reach their DER limits, more distant nodes are required to alleviate the violation. The efficacy
✔✔ For the base case (no DERs), the estimated societal cost
of a kilowatt of DERs to relieve a particular violation declines
of serving this load growth is broken out into five categoas its electrical distance from the violation increases. This is
ries: 1) distribution equipment cost, 2) consumed energy
because the mesh network offers numerous paths for DER concost, 3) cost of losses-growth, 4) consumer energy cartributions to flow (disperse) across network assets.
bon cost (social cost of carbon emissions), and 5) load
An economic assessment was conducted to summarize the
capacity costs (bulk power system capacity cost).
results in a consistent and comparable way employing EPRI's
✔✔ For the DER alternative cases, traditional distribution
BCA methodology. Results are summarized two-fold. Cost and
equipment costs are replaced (avoided) by the custombenefits are converted to an economic cost measured as the net
er capital cost and ongoing expenses associated with
present value of costs incurred over the study period. The ecothe DERs. The methodology also captures energy
nomic cost allows a comparison of the base case and the DER
produced by the DERs, the avoided capacity and net
scenarios on an equivalent net benefit basis. This cost can be
change in losses, and carbon impacts.
converted to a levelized cents/kilowatthour using the load growth
As illustrated in Figure 8, the levelized cost to serve load
kilowatthour as the denominator.
growth on the Con Edison network was about the same for

(c)

figure 8. The cost to meet load growth (network): (a) the traditional utility solution, (b) a DER solution with no headroom,
and (c) a DER solution with 10% headroom.
march/april 2017

ieee power & energy magazine

35



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 4
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 9
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover4
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