IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 55

5

1.08
1.06
Voltage (p.u.)

4
3.5
3

1.26-MW Reduction

2.5

Lower Limit

Time of the Day

figure 7. Circuit demand without and with 1.5 MW of PV
systems (during a May weekend).

:0
0
00

:0
0
21

:0
0
18

:0
0
15

:0
0

:0
0
12

09

:0
0
06

:0
0
03

:0
0

:0
0
00

:0
0
21

:0
0

:0
0

18

15

:0
0

:0
0

:0
0

12

09

06

:0
0

0.92

03

:0
0

1
0.98
0.94

1.5

00

1.02

0.96

Without PV
With PV

2

Upper Limit

1.04

00

Active Power (MW)

4.5

1.1

~12% Energy
Reduction

Time of the Day

figure 8. Daily voltages at customer connection points
(during a May weekend).

transformers, 11,174 LV buses, 11,053 LV line sections, and graphically displaying the daily loading of the main trans6,078 LV loads. According to the GIS, there are 24 km of former (FigureĀ 7) and all the daily bus voltages (Figure 8)
MV line sections and 87.49 km of LV line sections. For so the DNO can quickly see the effects of the analyzed PV
each type of day (weekday/weekend), Tool 2 then created penetration. In this circuit, the penetration of 1,500 kW in PV
and assigned load profiles to customers in the network based systems reduces the daily energy consumption by approxion their average monthly energy consumption available in mately 12% (from 79 to 69 MWh) and the demand at noon
the GIS of Costa Rican DNOs. Figure 6(a) shows the con- by 28% (from 4.5 to 3.24 MW). In terms of voltages, as can be
sumption histogram for this circuit. No PV systems were seen in Figure 8, some customers experience voltages above
connected to this circuit. Using a representative weekend in the upper limit (1.05 p.u.) around midday, when PV systems
May, Figure 7 illustrates the total active power profile of the are generating the most. During this period, this figure also
shows some customers with voltages below the lower limit
network (case without PVs).
The third tool then ran a daily power flow to quantify (0.95 p.u.), which is of significant use to the DNO and highthe impacts from PV systems. The DNO needs to define the lights that not only voltage rise issues should be addressed.
PV penetration and the day to be
investigated. For illustration purposes, a penetration of 1,500 kW
is adopted here (approximately
30% of the peak demand). Tool
3 uses the energy consumption
and solar irradiance to assess
which customers are more likely
to install a PV system based on
economic grounds. It was found
that 486 customers (about 8% in
PV
Overvoltage
the circuit) would have to install a
PV systems to make the 1,500-kW
penetration feasible. Figure 6(b)
shows the distribution of the corresponding individual capacities.
Finally, the tool uses the chosen
day to produce realistic PV profiles for those customers. The
resulting total net active power
profile is shown FigureĀ  7 (case
with PVs). Tool 3 then runs the figure 9. Buses with voltages above the upper limit at noon (during a May
daily power flow and finishes by weekend).
march/april 2017

ieee power & energy magazine

55



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2017 - Cover4
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