IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - 27

By Mladen Kezunovic and Thomas J. Overbye
day one. One of the key benefits of interconnecting multiple
generators is improved reliability because the lights can
then stay on even if one generator fails. Papers discussing
more formal considerations of reliability date to at least the
1930s. as for resiliency, any protection device that removes
part of the system to save the remainder is contributing to
system resiliency. thomas edison patented the fuse in

1890, and automatic circuit breakers were invented around
1900, allowing faulted parts of the grid to be automatically
removed very quickly.
in moving beyond individual devices to consider the system as a whole, perhaps a good working description of the
difference between reliability and resiliency comes from the
recent U.s. national academies report on resiliency:
While minimizing the likelihood of large-area, long-duration
outages is important, a resilient
system is one that acknowledges
that such outages can occur, prepares to deal with them, minimizes their impact when they
occur, is able to restore service
quickly, and draws lessons from
the experience to improve performance in the future.

Resiliency of the
Physical System:
The Five Operating
States
a major aspect of the idea of resiliency can be elaborated upon by
considering the power system operating states presented in Figure 1
(which reproduces a diagram from
a 1978 IEEE Spectrum article by
Fink and carlsen). By far, the most
time is spent in the normal (n-1)
state, during which there are no
limit violations for either the prevailing operating point or credible
contingencies (n-1). While the
idea primarily addresses the operation of the bulk transmission grid,
similar concepts may be applied
to the distribution grid-particularly now, when distributed and
renewable generation are making
the distribution grid resemble the
transmission grid in many respects,
including bidirectional flows and
redundant feeder connections.
Hence, many of the energy
management system (ems) and
distribution management system
(dms) tools used in the control
center are focused on normal
operation, and this is the state
march/april 2018

ieee power & energy magazine

27



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - Cover3
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