IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - 71

increase the regulator control's sensed voltage by a defined
percentage, essentially tricking the control into lowering
voltage by the same amount. this innovative approach
delivered the intended result and did so without remotely
changing any regulator control settings. an example of
one the original voltage reduction control cabinets is
shown in Figure 4.
the next iteration of DEP's voltage reduction system took
form in the 1990s with the deployment of SCaDa to its t/D
substations. newer digital voltage regulator controls had
also begun to offer configurable levels of emergency voltage
reduction, with more sophisticated fail-safe functionality
that could be managed by SCaDa. It was later determined
that the control's new functionality also realized a voltage
reduction much closer to the specified percentage level than
the legacy approach-presumably due to the tolerances of
the included filament transformer.
More importantly, the new control functionality also provided an implementation speed that was much faster than
the company's original design. DEP took advantage of these
improvements and began slowly migrating to a direct command technique using a remote terminal unit connected
directly to the regulator control. By the time the planning
phase of the DSDr project began in 2007, DEP had a mixture of both designs and a system that could implement either
a targeted 2.5% or 5.0% voltage reduction on the majority of
its t/D substation busses.

Emergency Mode Development
the DSDr project was tasked with migrating the legacy
emergency voltage reduction system into aDMS and ensuring that the existing benefits were maintained. an internal
cross-departmental team was formed in august 2007 for this
purpose, as well as to aid in the DSDr design by investigating the performance and characteristics of distribution
system voltage reduction during peak load conditions. this
five-year effort produced significant developments that
maximized the capabilities of emergency voltage reduction
and-in combination with advanced functionality not available prior to aDMS-resulted in an enhanced and reliable
operational resource.
an initial improvement identified for expanding the legacy system-with a future all-inclusive DSDr mode also
in mind-was an upgrade of the remaining original voltage
reduction automation design to met the newer SCaDa standard and full deployment to all retail t/D substations with
existing voltage regulation. a second enhancement-motivated by the same overall goal-was the addition of all existing distribution line voltage regulators to emergency voltage
reduction. this undertaking was just as extensive as the substation work, but it also had the added complexity of not having previously been attempted within the utility industry. the
endeavor included the following components:
✔ identifying an optimal line regulator control and consolidating to a single approved unit
march/april 2018

figure 4. One of the original voltage reduction cabinets.
✔ developing new loss-of-communications fail-safe

functionality
✔ creating the control's remote point map and its corresponding integration into SCaDa
✔ designing, evaluating, and deploying an automation package that included two-way cellular communications
✔ installing a fiber-optic loop between multiphase controls installed at a single location
✔ replacing all existing nonapproved controls
✔ firmware upgrades for previously installed units of the
approved control
✔ extensive training of necessary field personnel.
In parallel, the team continued to test and assess the emergency voltage reduction functionality and corresponding
system performance with regard to change in voltage. the
team found that the achieved voltage reduction was actually
lower than the specified target percentage due to the regulator control lowering only the output voltage to just within the
upper limit of its defined bandwidth. It was also recognized
that the magnitude of the voltage reduction was greatly influenced by where the output voltage resided within the bandwidth prior to the reduction; more specifically, the magnitude
would be significantly less if it happened to be in the lower
end at the time of activation. this knowledge of the functionality spurred a proposal to increase the level 1 percentage and provided another option for expanding the benefits
of emergency voltage reduction. the targeted percentage of
level 1 was consequently increased from 2.5% to 2.9%. the
company decided to keep this value below 3% because of
U.S. Department of Energy incident and disturbance reporting requirements. Per the criteria, voltage reductions of 3%
or greater applied system-wide for maintaining the continuity of service of the bulk electric supply system must be
reported within 1 h of the activation. with these expansions
in place, the final advancement of emergency voltage reduction occurred through aDMS.
the legacy voltage reduction system maintained a static
list of included substation regulators that had to be manually
maintained by a SCaDa administrator, a process that could
be tedious and time-consuming for a distribution grid that
ieee power & energy magazine

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2018 - Cover3
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