IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 47

the performance of the rule-based method can only be
guaranteed when a sufficient number of rules are defined.
Because the number of pMU signals collected by a pdc may
be limited, the total number of rules that can be constructed
may be insufficient to achieve the required accuracy. Several methods may be considered to address this concern.
For example, an automatic rule-discovering algorithm may
calculate a physical quantity multiple times using different
sets of signal sources, resulting in a set of redundant values
for the same quantity. abnormal values can then be identified from redundant values, and the signal sources used for
calculating the abnormal values can be further analyzed to
identify compromised pMU signals.

Mitigation Method
Suspected cyberthreats may be mitigated using a variety of
situation-dependent methods. the WaMpac controller can
use the estimated signal provided by the detection method, if
sufficient fidelity of the estimated signal is guaranteed and
latency is within acceptable bounds. if the application cannot
achieve the expected performance due to using an estimated
signal, the controller may switch to another control logic that
uses other pMU signals. For example, a Wadc controller
can adapt and use signals from redundant or standby units
or change to other frequency signals when voltage angle signals are compromised. if alternative control logic is unavailable, the controller can change to local control. Finally, the
controller should be disabled if all of the previously noted
methods are unavailable or have failed to produce a stable
operating condition.

Summary
high-voltage dc transmission is poised to add to the overall
stability and resilience of modern power systems. From efficient bulk power delivery across large geographic regions to
active power modulation for stability augmentation, hvdc
offers flexible operation through highly controllable power
electronic converters.
at the same time, the continued introduction of automation has greatly improved the reliability and efficiency of
power grids hosting the hvdc systems. although automation systems are normally secured at the it layer, gaps still
exist against vulnerabilities associated with energy delivery
systems. this is largely due to the fact that security at the
it layer is adopted from business and financial systems and
sometimes falls short of the demands of energy delivery systems to secure the vulnerabilities of the undiscerning utility.
Many attack scenarios of Scada and WaMpac systems
may temporarily force asset operators and transmission system operators to remove high-voltage ac and dc systems from
service or face the consequences of destabilizing large interconnected systems. Failing to fully address cybersecurity
concerns could impact utility operations, negatively impacting cost by causing forced downtime, and potentially destabilizing otherwise-stable interconnections.
may/june 2019

to combat this, investment in smart controls is necessary,
with an eye toward cybersecurity in all implementations.
Because functionality, protocols, and communication patterns
in these systems are well understood, detection approaches
based on application and communication white listing can be
effective. complementary detection mechanisms rooted in
physics and sound engineering principles are useful in combating these advances while effectively addressing computational
challenges to implementing these mechanisms in practice.

Acknowledgment
the views and opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Government or any
agency thereof.

For Further Reading
W. litzenberger, K. Mitsch, and M. Bhuiyan, "When it's
time to upgrade: hvdc and FactS renovation in the Western power system," IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 14, no. 2,
pp. 32-41, Mar.-apr. 2016.
M. callaviik, "Grid resilience by power electronics: Use
subtransmission hvdc interties for novel emergency power
control of split networks," IEEE Power Electron. Mag., vol.
5, no. 1, pp. 54-56, 2018.
Z. haoran and r. Guohui, "analysis on the network security of the hvdc control and protection system," in Proc.
2012 IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Science and Automation
Engineering, 2012, pp. 540-543.
n. h. Macleod, n. cowton, and J. egan, "System restoration using the 'black start' capability of the 500 MW
eirgird east-west vSc hvdc interconnector," in Proc.
IET Int. Conf. Resilience of Transmission and Distribution Networks (RTDN), 2015, pp. 1-5.
r. nuqui and c. hawk, "cyber attack resilient high voltage direct current (hvdc) systems," U.S. department of energy. [online]. available: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/
files/2017/06/f34/aBB_hvdc_FactSheet.pdf

Biographies
Dakota Roberson is with the University of idaho, Moscow,
and the center for advanced energy Studies, idaho Falls.
H. Clarisse Kim is with argonne national laboratory,
lemont, illinois.
Bo Chen is with argonne national laboratory, lemont,
illinois.
Christine Page is with the University of idaho, Moscow.
Reynaldo Nuqui is with aBB U.S. corporate research
center, raleigh, north carolina.
Alfonso Valdes is with the information trust institute,
University of illinois at Urbana-champaign.
Richard Macwan is with the information trust institute,
University of illinois at Urbana-champaign.
Brian K. Johnson is with the University of idaho,
Moscow.
p&e

ieee power & energy magazine

47


https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/06/f34/ABB_HVDC_FactSheet.pdf https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/06/f34/ABB_HVDC_FactSheet.pdf

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 117
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 118
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 119
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - 120
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2019 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com