figure 4. Circuit-level load forecasts for proactive switching. Residential A /C and Heating Loads Are Very Clear in Some Segment Profiles 0.47 0 A /C Heating 5.37 kW 6 12 18 24 All Residential HSHW 0.65 0 9.63 kW 6 12 18 24 0.36 0 M M M A A A J J J J J J A A A S S S O O O N N N J J J 5.14 kW 6 12 18 24 % of Max kW HSMW Normalized Load-Duration Curves 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 100 80 60 40 20 Percent of Time Value Is Below HSMW 0 HSHW Residential high winter load customers have a poorer load factor than their medium winter counterparts . . . this is an indication that they likely have a higher cost to serve. figure 5. Clustering employing seasonal billing use determinants. A/C: air conditioning; HSMW: high summer medium winter; HSHW: high summer high winter. may/june 2020 ieee power & energy magazine 69