IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2020 - 73

Paper Chart
Recorders

1950s

Cartridge Recorders
(Magnetic Tape)
Solid-State
Open Reel Tape
Recorders
Recorders
1960s

1970s

The Internet of
Things

Electronic Meters
AMR/AMI

1980s

1990s

2000s

Beyond

figure 1. The evolution of metering technologies since the 1950s. AMR: automatic meter reading.

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Revit Model

System One-line

8
.4
3-#1, 1#1, 1-#8

3-#250, 1#250, 1-#6

3-#350, 1#350, 1-#4

3-#1, 1#1, 1-#8

kV

3-#250, 1#250, 1-#3

.4

8

kV

T-SCV
500 kVA
.48-0.48 kV
4%
T-SCV-S

PANEL

CURRENT IN AMPERES X 100 AT 480 VOLTS
1000

.8

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 10

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 100

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 1000

Bus kV

Sym
Amps

X/R
Ratio

Mult
Factor

Asym
Amps

Equi Type

M-1

0.480

19480.3

3.69

1.19

23188.3

LVPCB

MCC-1

0.480

20032.6

3.55

1.18

23640.9

LVPCB

MCC-2

0.480

19779.7

3.43

1.17

23181.0

LVPCB

PNL-1

0.480

8882.5

3.73

1.19

10597.4

LVPCB

PNL-2

0.208

5961.4

2.11

1.07

6377.3

LVPCB

SWG-4

0.480

24127.6

6.18

1.33

31990.4

LVPCB

Boundary
Incident Energy coverall
Flash Hazard inches - Arc Flash4' - 0"or arc rated
Flash Hazard Boundary
2
18
Duty Amps 4' - 0"
pants
cal/cm at
arc rated 6.0
cal/cm2 at 18 inches
shirt and
6.0
- Arc Flash Incident
Arc-rated
Energy
19480.3
cover is removed
Hazard when
0.48
kV Shock
kV Shock Hazard
20032.6
0.48
when cover is removed
3' - 6"
Limited Approach
Limited Approach
Approach
3' - 6"
1' - 0"
Restricted
Restricted Approach
19779.7
1' - 0"
(Fed By: 27B) ONLY
Equipment Name:
t Name: MCC-23A CONFIGURATION
8882.5
SWG-4 (Fed By:
Equipmen
SYSTEM
VALID FOR NORMAL
18A)
NORMAL
SYSTEM CONFIGURATIO
VALID FOR
5961.4
N ONLY

24127.6

0.15

2

18.71
17.58
M-1

200

100
80
60
50

6
5
4

BL-5
C-H HFD
225/150

3
2

1

1

.8

.8

BL-3

.6
.5

.6
.5

MVT-9
GE MVT
MV
T-9
Sensor = 800

.4

Plug = 800
Cur
C
ur Set = 0.5
0 (400A)
LT Band = 1
IInst
nst = 4 (3200A)

.3
.2

BL-5
C
uttler H
am
m
Cutler
Hammer
Series C
HF
HFD
Frame
(150AT)
F
rame = 225A (150A
Trip = 150

.03

.4

BL-1
18627A

.3

C-6
1 - 400 kcmil CU

TX-2
1000 / 1288 kVA
INRUSH

.1
.08
.06
.05

.8

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 10

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 100

2

3

4

Automated
Protective
Device
Coordination

.08
.06
.05
.04
.03
.02

BL-5
20574A
.5 .6

.2

.1

BL-3
29249A

.02

.01

300

40
30
20

10
8

.48

6
5
4
3

.04

Short Circuit
Calculations

1.90

BL-1

GE MVT
MV
T-Plus
MVT-Plus
Sensor = 1600
Plug = 1600
1.1 (1760A)
Cur Set = 1
LT
T Band = 1
STPU
2.5
S
TPU = 2
.5 (4400A)
ST
S
T Delay
Dela
elay
y = Int
ST
S
T Delayy I²t
I² = Out
Override
O
verride = 50000A

8

BL-3
GE AKR-30H
800/400

19

Equipment Duties

400

24

SWG-4

20

10

BL-1
GE AKR-50
1600/1760

.13

TX-2
-2
1000 / 1288 kVA
6%

40
30

Total Fault Fault

5 6 7 8 9 10000
1000

TX-2

1 / 1.288 MVA
13.8 - 0.48 kV
6%

200

80

3 PHASE Fault

4

600
500

300

60
50

d
Risk Hazar
and Shock
Arc Flash and Shock
Arc Flash priate PPE Required
Appro
Appropriate PPE Risk Hazard
Required

3

800

400

100

Vpu = 1.00

2

TX-2
FLA

600
500

EasyPower 10.4.0.198 10/11/2018 10:00:07 AM C:\...\Protection-1..dez
EasyPower LLC
Comments:

Bus Name

.5 .6

800

TIME IN SECONDS

Analysis and
Auto-Design
LV Momentary Report

TIME IN SECONDS

1938 to 1943. The AEIC Load Research
Committee was established in October
1943 and held its first organizational
meeting in 1944. Soon afterward, member utilities began conducting load studies to develop a better understanding of
major energy-using appliances, heating
and cooling equipment, and commercial
and industrial processes.
Following World War II, the electric utility industry in the United States
underwent an extended period of rapid
growth, and new facilities needed to be
built. Load forecasts projected that the
high rate of growth would continue into
the foreseeable future; however, U.S. expansion slowed in the 1970s resulting in
the utility industry overforecasting the
need for capacity. In 1978, the Public
Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) established requirements for utilities to collect load research data, such
as daily kilowatt (kW) demand load
curves, for large utility rate classes that
were at least 10% of the overall sales
of the utility. PURPA helped establish
confidence (90%) and precision (±10%)
requirements on estimates of selected
cost-allocation factors, such as coincident (system) peak demand. In turn,
these requirements laid the foundation
for future considerations with respect
to confidence and precision needs for
energy-efficiency and demand-response
evaluations. PURPA gave rise to a renewed interest in load research and an
entire generation of load research departments and activities. The load researchers that joined the industry during this era were often referred to as
PURPA babies.
In the early days, instrumentation
and data collection were extremely challenging. In Figure 1, we show the evolution of metering equipment, beginning

5 6 7 8 9 1000

2

3

4

.01
5 6 7 8 9 10000

CURRENT IN AMPERES X 100 AT 480 VOLTS

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2020
