IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - 33

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is a valuable tool
that bridges the gap between pure digital simulations and
the field deployment of hardware. The backbone of a HIL
simulation platform is a real-time digital simulator, which is
a powerful computing platform that performs power system
simulations in real time. This capability can facilitate the
testing of controllers and relays in real-time conditions. HIL
simulations with intelligent electronic devices are usually
referred to as control-HIL to distinguish them from powerHIL, where physical power equipment is connected to the
simulator through a power amplifier. Therefore, the benefits
of HIL simulation are maintained in the case of controlHIL as well (e.g., flexibility in the modeling, performance

Circuit
Breaker Closed
L

Circuit
Breaker Open

Bus 5

Bus 6

PV Photovoltaic

Load

WT Wind Turbine
B

of different scenarios in a safe laboratory environment, and
so on), while the industrial hardware relays operate under
realistic conditions, such as response delays and noise in the
signals. This setup can reveal features not visible in pure
simulations, facilitating the deployment progress of the protection scheme.
HIL configurations have been used by certain utilities that
operate a real-time digital simulator to connect replicas
of controllers (an exact copy of the actual control system
installed on site) of significant PE-based equipment, e.g., high
voltage dc and flexible ac transmission system applications,
to evaluate its interaction with existing control and protection
systems. Such features are valuable for microgrids dominated

Batteries Energy
Storage

CB5

CB4

Utility Grid

CB6

PEs

CB7

CB9

CB10

CB8

CB11

L

L

Fault
CB1

Utility
Grid

CB2

PV
Bus 3

Bus 4

CB13 CB15

CB17 CB18

CB14 CB16

CB19

L

L

Bus 1

CB12

Simulated System

Bus 2

WT

CB3

B

Trip Command
Real-Time
Digital
Simulator

Differential
Relay
Voltage and
Current
Waveforms

Differential
Relay

Trip Command
Circuit
Setting
Breaker
Group Change
Status
Signals
Signals
Central
Controller

figure 9. HIL testing of an adaptive protection system.
may/june 2021	

ieee power & energy magazine 	

33



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - Cover3
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