IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - 34
PV On
103
PV Off
Time to Trip (s)
102
101
X: 932.1
Y: 2.231
Relay CB4 (51P)
CTR = 800/5
IEC C2 (VI)
A = 13.5, B = 1, C = 0
Ipu = 2.06 A, TD = 0.1
100
X: 2,210
Y: 0.5536
10-1
10-2
103
Fault Current (A)
(a)
104
103
Time to Trip (s)
102
101
100
Relay CB12 (51P)
CTR = 800/1
IEC C1 (SI)
A = 0.14, B = 0.02, C = 0
Ipu = 0.45 A, TD = 0.15
10-1
Relay CB4 (51P)
CTR = 800/5
IEC C2 (VI)
A = 13.5, B = 1, C = 0
Ipu = 2.06 A, TD = 0.1
10-2
102
X: 1,510
Y: 0.377
103
Fault Current (A)
(b)
X: 3,950
Y: 0.4279
104
figure 10. (a) Sympathetic tripping and (b) protection blinding cases performed in
HIL. CTR: current transformer ratio; Ipu: pickup current; TD: time dial.
34
ieee power & energy magazine
by PE-interfaced units. Industrial
protection equipment manufacturers also perform HIL tests to validate the performance and fine-tune
their equipment according to each
application's characteristics.
A HIL testbed for the testing
the adaptive protection system has
been implemented at the Electric Energy Systems Laboratory
of the National Technical University of Athens. The proposed testbed consists of a real-time digital
simulator, industrial multifunction
directional relays, and a programmable logic controller. The overall
setup is presented in Figure 9. The
examined microgrid is simulated
by the real-time digital simulator, while hardware relays receive
current and voltage measurements
at their respective locations, e.g.,
CB4, and send tripping commands
at the respective circuit breaker.
The programmable logic controller plays the role of the centralized controller that facilitates the
adaptive protection system. It collects circuit breaker statuses and
updates the active setting groups
of protective relays whenever necessary based on the current topology, e.g., PV or wind turbine on/
off, grid reconfiguration.
Using this testbed, sympathetic
tripping and protection blinding
have been investigated. In Figure 10(a), the settings of the relay
controlling CB4 as well as its measured currents are presented when
the PV at bus 5 is on and off for
a symmetrical fault on bus 6. The
presence of the PV causes a reduction in the current observed by the
relay controlling CB4, resulting
in longer fault detection times.
Sympathetic tripping is observed
in Figure 10(b), displaying the
settings and currents measured
by the relay controlling CB4 and
CB12 for a symmetrical fault on
bus 6. When relay controlling
CB12 operates as an overcurrent
relay without a directional feature,
it disconnects the unfaulty feeder
may/june 2021
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2021 - Cover3
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