IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2015 - 33

Spain and Germany have been pioneers in the integration
of RES-E in their systems with approaches that share some features
but differ in others.

Congestion
Management

In the European context, with national and
regional prices, internal
power line congestions in
most cases are solved by
system operators redispatching generation units.
The redispatching costs
are not directly reflected
in wholesale prices, but
they are allocated to
consumers through grid
fees or surcharges in the
retail prices.
With limited network
capacity, new RES-E units
may increase congestion.
This is the case in Germany,
where an increase in redispatching actions happened
as a result of the nuclear
phase-out and the installation of wind power plants in
the north part of the country
with limited interconnection
capacity with consumption
centers in the south.
System Balancing

Intermittent generation adds
additional uncertainty to the
electricity system operation, which require different sources of flexibility
to manage it. For instance,
Frías et al. reported, for
2020 and 2030 scenarios
for the Spanish system, an
increasing need for reserves
(mainly downward regulation) when intermittent
RES-E increase.

july/august 2015	

45,000
40,000

CHP

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Hydro

Biomass

Waste

35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0

98 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
19
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(a)

120,000
100,000

CHP

Solar PV

Solar Thermal

Wind

Hydro

Biomass

Waste

80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0

98 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
19
2
2
2
2
2
(b)

figure 5. The yearly RES-E installed capacity in Spain from 1998 to 2013 in (a) MW and
RES-E generation in (b) GWh. [Source: Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la
Competencia (CNMC).]

ieee power & energy magazine 	

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2015

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