IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2015 - 51

A number of promising integration
solutions are identified that could help to mitigate
overgeneration.

2030 CO2 Emissions
(Million Metric tons)

curtailment. Implementation of
80
one or more alternative solutions
56.9 MMt
49.5 MMt 48.5 MMt
49.5 MMt 49.4 MMt
63.7 MMt
(-10%)
(-21.6%) (-23.3%)
(-21.7%) (-21.8%)
may reduce the cost impacts
70
by enabling a larger proportion of renewable energy out60
put to be delivered to the grid.
50
The study did not conduct a
detailed cost-benefit analysis of
40
the renewable integration solutions but did provide high-level
30
cost and rate impacts under an
illustrative range of high- and
20
low-cost assumptions for each
10
solution. Even though the study
assumes that significant quanti0
ties of each solution (5,000 MW)
33% RPS 40% RPS 50% RPS 50% RPS 50% RPS
50% RPS
Large Solar Diverse Small Solar Rooftop Solar
are implemented, these cases are
not sufficient to fully eliminate
figure 7. Higher renewable penetration scenarios result in significant reductions in
overgeneration.
California's GHG emissions.
Figure 8 shows the effect of
implementing these solutions,
compared to the 33% scenario.
Change Relative to 33% RPS (cents/kWh)
As a benchmark, the 50% large
0.0
+1.0
+2.0
+3.0
+4.0
solar scenario, with only the
default renewable curtailment
50% RPS
solution, is expected to increase
Large Solar
average rates by US3¢/kWh, or
Flexibility Solutions:
14%, relative to the 33% sce50% RPS Diverse
nario. The diverse scenario is
also shown as an integration
Enhanced Regional
Coordination
solution, along with a point estiAdvanced DR
mate of its rate impact under base
case assumptions. The diverse
Energy Storage
scenario reduces the average
rate by US1¢/kWh relative to the
large solar scenario.
The Enhanced Regional Coorfigure 8. Implementing low-cost solutions such as enhanced regional coordination or
dination and Advanced DR solu- a more diverse portfolio can significantly reduce the cost increases associated with a
tions provide cost savings rela- 50% renewable grid.
tive to the large solar scenario,
even under the "high" cost range. The "low" cost range for Conclusions
energy storage, modeled here as 5,000 MW of pumped stor- This article assesses the operational impacts, challenges,
age, reduces the total cost of achieving the 50% large solar costs, GHG reductions, and potential solutions associated
scenario by just over US0.5¢/kWh. Only the high-cost battery with a 50% renewable grid in California by 2030. It finds that
storage case results in higher costs. All of the solution cases there are no technical barriers to achieving a 50% renewable
modeled here result in higher expected rates compared to the grid. Renewable integration challenges, particularly over33% scenario.
generation during daylight hours, are likely to be significant
july/august 2015

ieee power & energy magazine

51

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2015

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2015 - Cover3
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