IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 43
York. The analysis starts with stating the goals assigned to the
microgrid, its desired capabilities, and the expected benefits for
the BNMC community. A mathematical optimization (deterministic-based) model is formulated and run with identified
site constraints (e.g. existing infrastructure, physical space, and
utility interconnection) to determine requirements with respect
to DER sizing and dispatch. The analysis details the selected
system setup and its associated costs and benefits in each layer.
This techno-economic analysis evaluates a broad, comprehensive strategic plan that seeks to meet resiliency needs at multiple scales, including individual BNMC member institutions,
the BNMC as a whole, and the greater Buffalo region.
Microgrid Controller
Requirements and Attributes
The microgrid controller manages its assets to meet the
objectives of the operator, which may be a community,
utility, campus, or industrial facility. A key objective is the
resiliency benefits that enable continuous power for critical loads during islanded conditions. Secondary objectives
may also include the reduction of operating costs, increased
DER penetration and utilization, limited greenhouse gas
emissions, and improved local grid reliability. In addition,
microgrid controllers may be required to interface with
higher-level entities [e.g., distribution management systems
(DMSs), DER aggregators, or market operators] and provide local as well as bulk-level grid services to external parties, as shown in Figure 1.
IEEE Standard P2030.7 (Standard for the Specification
of Microgrid Controllers) specifies two core control functions for microgrid controllers: transition and dispatch.
These two functions enable the microgrid to operate as a
system that can manage itself- autonomously or with the
grid-and connect or disconnect from the distribution grid.
The core control functions also ensure that the microgrid
satisfies interconnection requirements, coordinates with
existing grid protection schemes, and enables the exchange
of power and the supply of ancillary services at the POI.
Beyond the functions that are required to be performed by
microgrid controllers, other desirable attributes of microgrid
controllers include
✔ standardized
* a control platform that is modular and reconfigurable to promote wide-scale adoption
* a commercially available controller that utilizes
open communication protocols
* a functionality-driven controller that focuses on a
modular approach to the implementation of the functional requirements.
✔ customizable and interoperable
* a controller that is able to coordinate/operate a diverse set of DER technologies of varying sizes and
quantities
* a controller that enables a simple configuration, deployment, and operation of microgrid systems interjuly/august 2017
facing with a conventional supervisory control and
data acquisition system and other DMSs.
✔ scalable and robust
* a controller that enables users to add, remove, or edit
assets within the connected system
* a controller that operates as a distributed energy resource management system (DERMS) in grid-tied
mode and takes on generation-load balancing authority in islanded mode.
Microgrid Controller
Performance Evaluation
The performance of microgrid controllers should be evaluated
in a relevant environment prior to field deployment. The evaluation of a microgrid controller in a laboratory setting allows for
testing under various operating conditions and asset limits, e.g.,
worst-case testing, without impacting the grid and connected
customers. The evaluation comprises several different goals,
including compliance with standard specifications, evaluation
of multiple controllers under the same conditions, and evaluation with respect to site-specific requirements.
The first goal of the laboratory evaluation is to determine
whether a microgrid controller performs as specified. This
is addressed in IEEE Standard P2030.8 (Standard for the
Testing of Microgrid Controllers), which focuses on testing
the functional and performance requirements. It includes the
control functions specified in IEEE P2030.7:
✔ functions for managing local resources and loads
✔ functions for control in grid-connected mode, including power-flow management and supply of ancillary
services for the local distribution system and potentially the bulk system
✔ functions for control in islanded mode (autonomous),
including management of local generation, storage,
and loads to optimize performance
✔ ability to seamlessly connect and disconnect from the
grid, based on specified parameters
✔ additional local functions may be specified for
specific circumstances (such as renewable resource
management, load prioritization, and support of grid
reliability and automation functions).
The second goal of the evaluation is to characterize performance by subjecting several microgrid controllers to the same
tests. This type of evaluation is important to help microgrid
developers and/or operators make informed decisions when
selecting a microgrid controller that meets their specific
needs, and it informs vendors on their product's performance.
The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) supported an effort
led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln
Laboratory to develop a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)
simulation platform to evaluate commercial microgrid controllers. This allows microgrid controller hardware to be integrated with commercial genset controller hardware, paired
with the real-time simulation of a microgrid system with
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