IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 45

cannot always be accurately modeled. At the same time, interfacing power hardware with the real-time simulator introduces
far more complexities and challenges compared to a CHIL-only
setup. If the interfaces-which are indicated by the blue oval
in Figure 2(c)-are not properly designed and configured, the
simulation can become unstable; therefore, the interfaces should
also include compensators to ensure stability and accuracy.
The final option is full hardware testing, excluding
any simulated components [see Figure 2(d)]. As with PHIL,
either the same hardware or representative hardware of the
microgrid may be used; however, this type of evaluation is
limited by the inability to represent the electric power system
of the microgrid.

Examples of Site-Specific
Microgrid Controller Evaluation

determining whether reconnection occurs only when
the grid voltage, frequency, and phase angle differences
between the utility and microgrid are within a specified
range (as defined in IEEE 1547 and ANSI C84.1, Electric Power Systems and Equipment-Voltage Ranges)
3) steady-state performance in islanded mode, evaluated based on whether the microgrid controller is able
to maintain the voltage and frequency within the
ranges specified
4) protection, evaluated by simulating external and/or internal faults and determining whether the microgrid
controller provides adequate control to serve and manage critical loads in both grid-connected and islanded
modes of operation, assuming that the faults will be
cleared by the microgrid's protection scheme
5) dispatch, evaluated by determining the microgrid controller's ability to utilize resources to serve critical
loads when islanded.
The PHIL and CHIL evaluation of the Wave microgrid
controller was subsequently performed at NREL using the
laboratory setup illustrated in Figure 3. A reduced-order
model of the BNMC electric power system, including most of
the generators and DERs, was simulated using an RTDS system, which solves the model in real time and generates measurement signals that emulate an actual microgrid. These
measurement signals are received by the microgrid controller,
which acts on them and produces control commands for the
microgrid's controllable assets, thus closing the control loop.

Several examples are provided here to further illustrate these
site-specific evaluation approaches. The first is the evaluation
of the Spirae Wave microgrid controller, discussed earlier, that
was conducted for the BNMC campus microgrid. Spirae first
tested the microgrid controller functionalities at their InteGrid test facility using a hardware-only approach, as shown
in Figure 2(d). The test setup consisted of its Wave microgrid
controller managing several representative assets connected to
a single bus: two synchronous generators, a PV inverter, a wind
turbine simulator, and a synchronous condenser. The controller
was then evaluated by NREL at the Energy Systems Integration
Facility using a combined PHIL and CHIL approach as shown
in Figure 2(c), which includes a simulation of the BNMC electric power
system that interconnects the differGenerator Load
CHP
ent microgrid assets. This work was
funded by the OE under Funding
Opportunity Announcement DE4.16 kV
FOA-0000997-Amendment 0002
(FOA 997).
23 kV
The testing at both sites was
conducted under scenarios including grid-connected operation, dis4.16 kV
4.16 kV
connection, maintaining an island,
resynchronization, and black start.
Results from the test scenarios were
Load
PV Generator Load
PV Generator
BESS
compared to performance metrics
specified by DOE for the following
HIL Interface
functional requirements:
Ethernet to
1) disconnection, evaluated by
Analog Signals
All Assets
determining whether the mi(Real and Virtual)
crogrid disconnects from the
1010101
utility within the time speciac
0101010
dc
ac
dc
1010101
fied when a voltage or fre540-kW ac
550-kW
660-kW
Data
Microgrid
quency threshold is reached
Power
Battery Controllable Manager Controller
or when an unintentional
Amplifier
Inverter dc Supply
island is created
2) resynchronization and re- figure 3. The laboratory setup for PHIL and CHIL evaluations of the Spirae Wave
connection, evaluated by microgrid controller for BNMC.
july/august 2017

ieee power & energy magazine

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover4
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