IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - 74

the realValue project and can be used to explore cost-optimum scheduling solutions for the combined systems, while
also ensuring the thermal comfort of the end users. Interim
results for the Irish system indicate that significant system
cost savings can be achieved when sets is the chosen technology for electrically heated homes (approximately 7% of
homes for space heating and 17% for water heating), compared to direct resistive heating. these savings are achieved
through load shifting alone with significant further cost savings achievable when ancillary services are also provided by
the devices. the results shown in figure 6 compare the base
case (i.e., inflexible heating load) to three different penetrations of sets: 0, 50, and 100%. for sets-0 there are no
sets devices, but the thermal inertia of the building is utilized to increase the flexibility of the heating load and modest
system cost reduction are achieved. Cost reductions increase
when the maximum indoor temperature limit is increased,
although energy consumption also increases [figure 6(b)],
as preheating results in additional heat losses to the surroundings. as such, incentives and tariffs that incentivize
this behavior are essential. the advantage of a higher maximum indoor temperature is no longer seen for the sets100
case (all electrically heated homes assumed to have sets)
as the active thermal storage is more energy efficient than
the passive storage alternative. for the sets100 case, system
generation cost savings in excess of 1% (€10.1  million) are
achieved. figure 6(c) and (d) highlights some of the drivers of
these cost reductions, with large reductions in both generator
start-up costs and wind curtailment seen as the penetration of
sets devices increases.
the aggregate load shape for electrical heating depends on
many factors, including technology type (direct/storage/Hp/

Weather Dependence for an
Integrated Heat-Electricity System

Heat demand is strongly correlated to weather, in particular
temperature. Heat electrification increases the weather sensitivity of electricity demand, while the parallel integration of
renewable energy increases the weather sensitivity of the supply side. Coincidental weather impact could therefore stress
system adequacy by decreasing supply at times of increasing
demand. for example, a climate phenomenon known as the
north atlantic oscillation, which relates to pressure differences between a location near Iceland and a location around the
azores, has been shown to influence both air temperature and
wind speeds in Ireland and great Britain. With increasingly
high wind penetration and heat electrification rates, such an
event could lead to high net load peaks. an hourly simulation
for eight different weather years for an Irish system with 25%
of buildings electrified and 40% wind generation over a year
illustrates how both ambient temperature and wind capacity
factors decrease as demand nears
peak demand (figure 7). Demand
response measures could be considered to ensure adequacy in such an
event. [note that the increase in wind
capacity factor toward the right in
figure 7(b) is inconclusive as the
averaging sample becomes smaller
and may only reflect outliers.]
BC SETS 0 SETS 50 SETS 100

7.6

810
806
802
798
794

hybrid), occupancy patterns, building construction, incentives
(e.g., time-of-use or real-time pricing) and control strategies
(e.g., direct load control by an aggregator). another significant influencing factor is the participation in the provision
of additional services. for example, when electrical thermal storage is scheduled and cooptimized within the power
system, charging will typically take place at times of relatively low system demand (and low prices). However, when
the devices are also scheduled to provide ancillary services
such as reserve, the aggregate charging schedule for a fleet
of devices will be spread out, covering hours of the day with
relatively higher system demand in order to enable the provision of upward reserve.

7.4
7.2
7.0
BC SETS 0 SETS 50 SETS 100
(a)

(b)
410

3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3

350
290
230
BC SETS 0 SETS 50 SETS 100
(c)
Max. Temp. (°C)

BC SETS 0 SETS 50 SETS 100
(d)
22

24

figure 6. The annual analysis for different storage capabilities on the Irish system.
(a) System generation cost (M€), (b) space heating use per house (MWh), (c) start-up
cost (M€), and (d) wind curtailment (GWh).
74

ieee power & energy magazine

Benefits of Hybrid
Heating Devices
and Thermal Storage
as described in the technology
section, hybrid heaters that are
fuel ed by both electricity and
natural gas offer the flexibility
to switch between different fuels.
a range of commercial hybrid
Hp-B products are available, but
those are locally controlled based
on ambient outside temperature
only in a way that gas boilers boost
july/august 2018



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover2
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