IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - 23

load scenarios. Based on these results, work with stakeholders has begun to develop appropriate market and operational
changes to address any future fuel security risks.

System Restoration Process
System restoration and black-start processes have been a
staple of the utility industry for years. These processes are
based on fundamental plans, training, system design, and
drills. Many of these plans are partially exercised during
storm restoration events. Historically, very few events have
required the full execution of utility restoration plans or
black-start protocols. The industry must continue to review
and advance the system restoration process to address additional scenarios, such as black-sky events, that exceed the
impacts of previous disruptions. Most system restoration
plans assume that the transmission network is relatively
intact and just needs to be restarted. If there is significant
damage to the transmission infrastructure, system restoration plans may not accomplish their intended purpose. We
are reviewing current system restoration processes to look
for opportunities to revise them to accommodate the potential for major damage to infrastructure and recovery efforts
that last weeks, rather than days.
These improvements may include the consideration of
redundant transmission infrastructure and the development of planning and operational tools designed to manage our dependence on other infrastructure sectors, such as
fuel supplies and delivery, water, and telecommunications.
In cooperation with the Electric Power Research Institute
and the Electric Subsector Coordinating Council Research
and Development Committee, we are evaluating resilient
communication technologies that are better able to survive
a disruption than commercial tools and less dependent on
potentially vulnerable telecommunications systems. Such
technology would enable enough connectivity to perform
tasks related to black starts and system restoration, even if
traditional communications were impacted.

acquisition (SCADA) information. This tool can be used
in the event of a catastrophic energy management system
or SCADA failure. Further penetration of PMUs and their
advanced applications, such as wide-area monitoring and
control, will make the system more resilient.

Mitigating Geomagnetic Disturbances
Geomagnetic disturbances, also referred to as solar magnetic disturbances, have the potential to affect the highvoltage transmission system. Sunspots and other solar phenomena can produce large clouds of plasma (called coronal
mass ejections) that can induce electric currents on Earth
and high-voltage transmission lines and transformers. High
levels of these ground-induced currents can cause increased
reactive power consumption, harmonic currents, and the
hot-spot heating of transformers, the combination of which
could result in a voltage collapse and blackout. PJM has
experienced some impact of such intensified solar activities
during the past and developed specific operating procedures
to implement when solar activity is high and could threaten
system reliability. NERC also has reliability standards to
mitigate the risk of instability, uncontrolled separation, and
cascading outages caused by geomagnetic disturbances.

Infrastructure-Planning Aspect
For decades, planning criteria have been developed and applied
to power systems around the world to ascertain the need for

PMUs Installed
Within PJM

PMUs Received From
Neighboring RTOs

Transmission
Owners With
PMUs Installed

of PMU Data
Storage Daily

Synchrophasor/Phasor Measurement
Unit Utilization
With the aid of a US$14 million U.S. Department of Energy
stimulus grant, PJM and its member transmission owners
have installed more than 400 phasor measurement units
(PMUs), or synchrophasors, in more than 120-plus substations in 10 states (Figure 3). PMUs offer detailed grid status reports at any given moment. Synchrophasor data has
already helped to improve system reliability, especially in
modeling accuracy, disturbance detection, and event analysis. Synchrophasors can also enhance operational resilience
by replicating or reinforcing existing operational functions
such as state estimation, area control error calculation, interconnection reliability operating limit calculation, and monitoring the thermal and voltage levels of transmission facilities.
We have developed a linear state estimator tool, which uses
synchrophasor data in place of supervisory control and data
july/august 2020

Times/s
Synchrophasors improve operators' visibility of
the grid by providing a more detailed and clearer
picture of the system at any given moment,
detecting and preventing problems across a wide area
on the transmission system.

figure 3. PJM PMU statistics.
ieee power & energy magazine

23



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Contents
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