IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - 32
The current approach to power system restoration is often
a combination of "top down and bottom up" coordination
among transmission and generation operators.
and DSOs; 3) command and control structure of the network; and 4) the regulatory framework.
Utilities are now considering the integration of DG into
their restoration plans and personnel training with scenarios that depend on the level of penetration of DG. For each
scenario, the impacts on restoration plans are elaborated
according to the emerging needs for observability and
forecasts; enhanced ISO/RTO-TSO-DSO coordination;
changed command and control structures; and improvements in the technical, organizational, and regulatory areas
with an emphasis on grid operations. This article concludes
with proposals for training sessions in which TSOs and
DSOs in Europe confront the challenges for system restoration in an operating environment with significant levels
of DG.
systems, and communications can often be inadequate, and
the regulatory framework may be incomplete or conflict
with other participants' goals. This creates a need to
✔ harmonize market rules to make a level playing field
for all
✔ provide authority for system operators to
* overrule market considerations during emergencies
* maintain system integrity
* order disconnection and reconnection of the DG for
safe operation
✔ mandate a minimum control and command structure
for distributed generators
✔ harmonize technical connectivity requirements
✔ allow new roles and players with clearly defined rules
for demand response.
Power System Restoration
Restoration Practices
The current approach to power system restoration is often
a combination of "top down and bottom up" coordination
among transmission and generation operators. The TSO-led
process starts with the black start of large generators, the
creation of stable islands with balanced generation and loads
along a transmission corridor, synchronizing the islands,
and, eventually, fully restoring the system and resuming
normal operations. The shift from large centralized synchronous generating units to small distributed generators,
many of which are powered by intermittent renewable
resources, introduces a new dimension in grid cooperation
for TSOs and DSOs- most importantly the approach to
power system restoration.
Important considerations for adapting restoration practices
to an operating environment with a high penetration of DG
are 1) the observability of distributed generators, 2) interaction between TSOs and DSOs, 3) command and control
structure of the network, and 4) the regulatory framework.
Systems with higher penetrations of DG are highly dependent on observability and controllability of most active
components. This requires new concepts for system management both in general and specifically in the restoration plan. These plans clearly demand an understanding of
active network elements at all levels and benefit from command and communication channel systems.
Restoration Requirements
The CIGRE Joint Working Group C2/6.36 conducted a
survey on the role of DG in the restoration process. The
results of this survey were published in "System Operation Emphasizing DSO/TSO Interaction and Coordination" (June 2018). Among the major findings were
the following:
✔ Poor observability does not allow for the participation
of DG in restoration plans.
✔ Data and voice communication systems and processes
are still being developed to cater for DG.
✔ Utilities with higher penetration levels are now considering the integration of DG into their restoration plans.
Although TSO and DSO cooperation continues to be the
overriding requirement for system restoration, the tools and
training that are made available to personnel must change
as power system operations become more dependent on
DG with intermittent energy sources, the majority of which
are connected at the distribution (DSO) level. National
laws in Germany make it mandatory for the system operator to include renewables in its generation mix, even if this
requires compensating other generators for shutting down
their planned production. Such rules create conflicts in normal operating conditions, which are further aggravated in an
emergency or restoration situation.
The main issue in restoration is that the system operator
(i.e., the TSO) has ultimate responsibility for system security
but cannot adequately control DG. Technical tools, control
32
ieee power & energy magazine
Survey of European Grid Operators
Scenarios for System Restoration
Scenarios for system restoration depend on the degree of DG
penetration. For each scenario, the impacts on restoration are
july/august 2020
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Contents
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