IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - 33
elaborated for each of the identified factors, e.g., emerging
needs for observability and forecasts, enhanced TSO-DSO
coordination, advanced command and control structures,
and the impact on restoration plans.
ENTSO-E Awareness System
The European Network of Transmission System Operators
for Electricity (ENTSO-E) Awareness System was established as a result of a recommendation from European regulatory authorities after a large system disturbance in November 2006 in the continental European system. All European
TSOs send their frequency, scheduled and actual flow, and
area control error to a central system known as the ENTSO-E
Awareness System. Each participating TSO receives an
online overview state of the Pan-European system, making it
aware of the situation of the complete network. In addition to
the measurements and planned values, the TSO can indicate
its system states as normal, disturbed, or emergency using
simple traffic lights green, amber, and red. This provides an
effective way to show the system state for each of the TSOs.
The system has been in operation for more than eight years
and is now an integral part of the control room displays of
European TSOs.
Operational Tasks-DG Factors
System operators are responsible for system integrity, regardless of the type of generation or its interconnection to the
grid. The primary operational task of both TSOs and DSOs
is to keep the grid within operational boundaries, i.e., maintain voltage, frequency, and current within system limits.
This is more complex in systems with high levels of DG with
intermittent energy resources.
System Balancing
System balancing-the control of frequency and power
exchange-is a major responsibility of the TSO. Deviation
from generation forecasts creates imbalances, leading to
larger frequency excursions due to the poor forecasts. The
stochastic behavior of DG makes balancing difficult.
An accurate forecast of DG is an important tool for a TSO
in addressing these deviations. Typically, the TSO forecasts
for its control area include nonobservable DSO areas. Sufficient control power is needed to handle imbalances. For
primary control power, the TSO must rely on locally provided conventional generation units. In the ENTSO-E continental Europe area (Figure 1), automatic load frequency
controllers are applied for activation of control power
figure 1. The ENTSO-E transmission grid interconnected network. (Source: ENTSO-E: https://www.entsoe.eu/data/map/
downloads; used with permission.)
july/august 2020
ieee power & energy magazine
33
https://www.entsoe.eu/data/map/downloads
https://www.entsoe.eu/data/map/downloads
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Contents
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