IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - 38

congestion in the DSO grid, both on lines and transformers.
The rapidly changing load on DSO lines leads to rapidly
changing voltage profiles. The DSO has the following limited control capabilities, which are typically slow acting:
✔ tap changers on TSO-DSO transformers for voltage
control
✔ connect or disconnect load and DG for handling congestion.
This requires additional balancing tasks. Reserve power
demand increases since the frequency must be kept within
operational limits. Additional supporting tools for the TSO
could be
✔ more accurate wind and solar forecasts to help manage the control power required to compensate for fluctuations
✔ use of storage resources, like pumped hydro, to provide frequency control. Here, storage management is
an additional challenge.
The DSO may run into critical situations but cannot solve
them independently from the TSO. TSO-DSO coordination
is required to manage 1) power exchanges and 2) the DSO
system state (voltage and overload).

the case of agreed limit violations does the TSO support the
DSO since the TSO still leads the restoration process. As the
amount of information exchange rises, additional supporting
tools may be required to support the restoration process.

High DG With Active Power Limitation
and Voltage Control
In this case, the DSO can control voltage profiles with DG.
This is usually challenging due to the large quantity of DG.
It is difficult to assess where to change voltage or reactive
power set points to create the desired voltage profile.
Here an EMS application is required, e.g., an optimal
power flow with suggestions for reactive set points. Unfortunately, these systems are unlikely to function correctly in the
early stages of restoration due to separations in the system.

Overview of Expanding DSO Tasks

Figure 4 summarizes expanding DSO tasks with increasing
levels of DG and increasing observability and controllability. In the ENTSO-E system, several real-time tools have
been installed to support operators from different TSOs in
handling critical situations from basic alerts up to power
system restoration. For TSO-TSO exchange, the ENTSO-E
Awareness System platform has been established. This tool
High DG With Active Power Limitations
Here again the DSO system might be overloaded. But the provides the following information:
DSO now has its own operational capabilities, which makes
✔ measurements of frequency, area control errors (deterlife easier for the TSO because the DSO can solve congestion
mined by LFC), cross-border exchanges, and balancproblems individually by limiting power flows and the TSO
ing and generation
and DSO can agree on a band of exchange power (active)
✔ operational information on TSO system states via exbetween their systems.
change of predefined messages as traffic light colors.
A band of exchange power enables the TSO to plan for Similar tools are employed in the Nordic regions (Denthe provision of control power because, up to a certain level, mark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). These pure
active power fluctuation is compensated for directly by the TSO systems are not designed to interact with, or to be
DSO. Now the DSO needs its own forecast tools. Only in used by, DSOs.
New TSO-DSO information systems are being deployed. These
include the Austrian Awareness
Control of
Observe
Control Congestion Voltage
System (AAS) and the Regional
TSO-DSO
DG
DG
Handling
Support
Exchange
With DG
Alarm and Awareness System,
Power
new tools that aim to maximize
information exchange between all
1) Passive DSO
TSO
-
-
TSO
-
grid operators, including DSOs.
2) Low DG-
No Control

TSO

TSO

-

TSO

-

3) High DG-
No Control

TSO

TSO/DSO

-

TSO/DSO

-

4) High DG-Active
Power Partly
Controllable

TSO/DSO

TSO/DSO

DSO

TSO/DSO

-

5) High DG-Active
and Reactive
Power Partly
Controllable

TSO/DSO

TSO/DSO

DSO

TSO/DSO

DSO

figure 4. A summary of DSO tasks and examples of tools for coordinated operation.
38

ieee power & energy magazine

The Austrian
Awareness System
The TSOs of the Regional Group
Continental Europe (RGCE) use
the European Awareness System
(EAS) for information exchange
across national borders. The communication between TSOs and
their underlying DSOs is often
based on telephone communication. In the Austrian Power Grid
(APG), the TSO and DSOs have
july/august 2020



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover2
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