IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - 86

This is the reason for the use of the compensating machines at the Buffalo end
of the line.
But in this proposal, several machines connected in series. This was
highly unusual. First, we must assume,
since we are not told otherwise, that
these are separately excited generators.
In other words, they have their so-called
shunt fields all connected in series
and not connected to any one armature. Likely, these shunt fields would
be connected in parallel with the total
voltage produced by all the armatures
connected in series. And these seriesconnected fields are then controlled
by one rheostat (see Dynamo Electric
Machinery in the "For Further Reading" section). Otherwise, load sharing
would be a nightmare. Even with this
one-rheostat setup, it would still be a
bad dream. Imagine the loads changing
on all of the four (or five) circuits at the
same time. This would not have been a
happy system.
In both Projects A and B, there is
no indication as to how the reserve turbines with their generators are to be
connected and switched. In fact, there
is no mention of switching arrangements at all.

Other Proposals
The other proposals were along the
same lines as Proposal 1 in that they
used what was current practice multiplied by whatever factor was required
to get to the 120,000 hp asked for by
the commission. This resulted in the
requirement for dozens of turbines and
generators placed in a large excavation
in solid rock. Some of the proposals
did offer machines of 10,000 hp, but
given the fact that the first Adams
plant had turbines and generators of
5,000 hp, 10 times larger than the state
of the art, it is unlikely that these bidders could have made good on their
offer. One 10,000-hp dc generator
would have been a wonderful machine
to behold. Just supplying replacement
brushes would have made for a very
happy salesperson.

86

ieee power & energy magazine

Proposal 5 from G.F. Deacon and
Siemens Brothers, England, used a dc
constant current system for transmitting power. Although the name Thury
was not used in the proposal, the system is almost certainly that of René
Thury, a Swiss pioneer in high-voltage
dc transmission. In the Thury system,
dc generators are connected in series
and their voltage controlled to keep the
current constant. In many cases, the
earth was used as the return conductor, reducing the cost of transmission.
Switching requirements complicated
the system, however. To take a generator off line, it had to be short circuited
in much the same way as most dc arc
lamps were operated.
From 1889 to 1891, electrical power
technology was a rapidly developing infant. Between the time of the founding
of the Cataract Construction Company
and receipt of the proposals, ac was
becoming a viable alternative to dc for
power transmission purposes. On 9 February 1891, C.E.L. Brown delivered his
paper "High Tension Currents," which
described his project that used 30 kVac
to deliver 100 hp several miles. While
the magnetic aspect of ac circuits was
poorly understood and there were no
easy means of solving circuit equations,
there was hope.
By mid-December 1891, Adams
and Sellers had become convinced
that electricity would be the means
of transmitting power from the new
Niagara Falls Station. Still uncertain,
however, was the choice between ac
and dc. DC seemed to have the upper hand. In April 1892, Adams and
Sellers decided to engage George
Forbes as the Cataract Construction
Company's electrical engineer. Forbes
was a vocal proponent of ac. From that
point on, the decision was inevitable.
On 6 May 1893, the choice of polyphase ac was formally announced. On
5 August 1895, the first delivery of
power was made to an aluminum cell
of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company
from unit number 1 of what was later
named Adams Plant Number 1.

The International Niagara Commission had completed its work.

For Further Reading
The Central Station Concept
E. D. Adams, Niagara Power, vols. 1
and 2. Niagara Falls, NY: Niagara Falls
Power Co., 1927.
W. C. Unwin, On the Development
and Transmission of Power From Central
Stations. London: Longmans, Green
and Co., 1894.
Hydraulic Power
E. B. Ellington, "Hydraulic power in
London," Cassier's Mag., vol. 2, pp.
95-103, Dec. 1896.
"Power Water Networks," 2016.
Low-Tech Mag. [Online]. Available:
https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/
2016/03/hydraulic-accumulator-power
-water-networks.html
Pneumatic Power
R. Zahner, Transmission or Power by
Compressed Air. New York: Van Nostrand, 1878.
Steam Power
F. H. Colvin, "The future of steam,"
Cassiers Mag., vol. 1, pp. 334-336,
Feb. 1892.
High-Voltage Constant Potential
dc Transmission
E. Hausmann, Dynamo Electric Machinery. New York: Van Nostrand, 1924, p. 191.
High-Voltage Constant Current
dc Transmission
C. T. Wilkinson, "Long-distance power
transmission with direct currents," Cassiers Mag., vol. 31, pp. 199-210, Jan.
1907.
Wikipedia, "René Thury," 2019. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia
.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thury
European ac
C. E. L. Brown, "High tension currents," Elect. Eng., vol. 8, pp. 296-299,
Sept. 25, 1891.
p&e

july/august 2020


https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2016/03/hydraulic-accumulator-power-water-networks.html https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2016/03/hydraulic-accumulator-power-water-networks.html https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2016/03/hydraulic-accumulator-power-water-networks.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Thury https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Thury

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

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