IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - 90

in my view (continued from p. 92)

Probability of
Surviving Outage (%)

controllers can preschedule appliances
before a hurricane hits so that energy
can be stored ahead of the storm in
building thermal, water thermal, battery storage, and other systems. With
additional distributed energy resources
(DERs), such as photovoltaics (PVs),
this community could continue to operate posthurricane for hours, days, or
even weeks without a major disruption
of people's lives.
As an example, case study research
on diversified energy resources demonstrates the resiliency of renewable
energy when c o m b i n e d with diesel storage on a microgrid at a tele-

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

communications facility in southern
California. FigureĀ  1 illustrates this
resiliency, showing the number of
outage days that the base case (generators only, shown in red) can sustain compared to a renewable energy
case (generators plus solar and storage, shown in blue). In the base case,
a diesel generator can power 86% of
simulated outages for one-two days
but only 2% of outages for two-three
days. However, when the generator is
combined with PV and battery energy
storage systems, this system can power 98% of outages for two-three days
(Anderson et al. 2017).

1.8-Day
Net Resiliency Gain

1

2

3
4
Length of Outage (Days)

5

6

RE Case (Independent Generator)
Base Case

figure 1. This case study research (Anderson et al. 2017) shows grid resiliency
from renewable energy resources. The use of solar energy and battery storage
with diesel generators sustains power for two-three days when compared to the
use of only a diesel generator, which lasts only for one-two days. RE: renewable
energy. (Source: Anderson et al.; used with permission.)

Restoring the Grid
Quickly With Diversified
Resources
As inverter-based generation penetration levels have increased on the grid,
black start with these assets has increased in importance for stronger system resilience. Power can be restored
faster with wind and solar assets because their start-up times are significantly shorter than those of thermal
power plants. Figure 2 shows how
multiple small-asset owners can collaborate and develop hybrid black-start
assets that, when pooled together, deliver enough cranking power to restart
a sizable thermal generator.
These wind, solar, and storage assets do not even need to be colocated to
consolidate their energy when parameters such as energy availability, losses,
and controls are carefully designed.
The use of DERs in disconnected
microgrids, like PVs and storage, can
restore power to certain numbers of
customers directly. Those microgrids
can then be connected regionally, and
their combined power can be used for
partial or full restoration of the entire
grid system.

Advancing the Capabilities of
DERs to Strengthen the Grid
Current advancements in grid-forming
inverter control provide a strong foundation for inverter-based assets to provide

Responsive Energy System

Hurricane

Home Controllers, Utility Scale Solar
Appliances, and Solar
and Wind

Generators
and Storage
Customers

Outage

figure 2. The combined power of dispersed DERs at all scales can restore power to customers and the larger grid quickly.
90

ieee power & energy magazine

july/august 2020



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2020 - Cover3
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