IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - 89

AIEE, who, in 1894, graduated from
Yale University, wrote in 1901 in an
AIEE Transactions paper that " ... practically
no damage is done at 11,000
volts on account of the small current. "
He continues, " ... at 6,600 Volts such a
short circuit would undoubtedly blow
the cable to pieces on account of the
greater current. " He appears to be confusing
the short circuit situation with
that of the constant power concept when
dealing with the transmission voltages.
In that rather contrived case, less
current is required to transmit a given
block of power when a higher voltage
is used. However, to assume that
higher voltage applied to a short circuit
will produce less current is a flagrant
violation of Ohm's law. One could assume
that Buck knew this. A check of
the paper's discussion section by this
author showed that no one had called
him on it.
Also, there was no means of recording
very-short-duration events
during this time. Even when the oscillograph
was invented in the late 1890s,
it would take a few years before it was
sensitive enough to record in the order
of 1/25-1/60 of a second. This made it
difficult to understand what was happening
in a circuit when a switch interrupted
current flow. Figure 3 shows
the voltage and current
relationship
when a fault occurs. This gives some
insight into what engineers were up
against before they could " see " these
complicated events that occurred in
such a short space of time, between
2 and 4 ms.
However, probably the biggest problem
was that the phasor methods in use
today were not available at the time.
We can get some insight into the difficulties
faced in those days from the
book Alternating Currents. The first
section deals with circuit analysis using
the classic circuit equation normally
encountered only when studying dc
circuit response. For ac circuits, however,
a sine wave-forcing function e
is added.
Presumably, when a network was
involved, each component would have
to be solved separately, and then the
july/august 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
89
overall solution could be attained using
the superposition theorem. In 1893,
Steinmetz published his article on ac
circuit analysis using complex numbers
in Proceedings of the International
Electrical Congress. He introduced the
j operator and greatly simplified ac circuit
analysis. However, it was not until
Harold Pender's article in July 1908 in
an AIEE Transactions paper that we
see a method that modern engineers
would recognize.
By 1905, ac power systems had
grown far beyond the expectations

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021

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Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover2
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