IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 84

Ganz Company in Budapest,
alternations per minute, the
Hungary, decided upon 5,000
unit of measurement in those
alternations per minute (resultdays). in 1896, after a renewal
ing in 41 2/3 Hz) as the comof the electrical equipment, the
RG Continental Europe (UCTE)
pany standard to avoid flicker
frequency became 60 Hz, what
RG Nordic
in light produced by arc lamps;
it still is today. On the other
RG United Kingdom
RG Ireland
other manufacturers then achand, the large Niagara falls
RG Baltic
cepted 42 Hz as a lowest level
generators, commissioned in
for the same reason.
1895, were given a frequency
Regarding the Rheinfelden
of 25  Hz. low frequencies
project, the challenge then was
were recognized as crucial for
to break away from the jungle
designing and operating genof frequencies and find a comerators, rotary converters, mopromise value in terms of one
tors, and transmission lines.
single, multipurpose frequency.
Higher frequencies had specifAgain, the decision of AEG was
ic advantages for lighting and
proclaimed by Emil Rathenau
for low-weight transformers.
in his 1896 survey: "After thorOn the European continent,
ough investigations we decided
the range of selected frequencies was rather narrow but figure 4. Interconnected networks of the transmission- for 50 periods per second. for
the operation of transformers,
hardly systematic. The 1891 system operators in Europe as of April 2015. (Image ©
motors and electric light bulbs
lauffen-frankfurt transmis- ENTSO-E, used with permission.)
this alternation number appears
sion project operated at 40 Hz;
"lauffen-type" generators for the 1892 rotating 20% faster than lauffen; the to be the best suitable." The decision
Hochfelden hydroelectric power plant 1893 frankfurt municipal power sta- "50 Hz for Rheinfelden" would once
in Switzerland operated at 50 Hz by tion was operated at 45 1/3 Hz. The more have a strong effect: The 50-Hz

Finley provides proven strategies and implementation
plans to take you to the future of energy systems. For
over 60 years, our engineers have taken pride in
designing, engineering, and overseeing construction
of electrical power systems to serve customers in the
21st century.

FinleyUSA.com

417-682-5531


http://www.FinleyUSA.com

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com