IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - 31

unidirectional or bidirectional, depending on the nature of
the relationship. Operational flows involve all the relevant
information needed to coordinate market and network operational functions. Figure 1 is a simple coordination skeleton
diagram that illustrates TDC tiers.

Additionally, three reference conceptual TDC coordination models illustrate a spectrum of potential coordination
architectural models (Figure 2). The various potential TDC
coordination models under discussion globally fall within
this spectrum.

Transmission

System
Operator

Utility Bulk
Generation

Transmission
System

IPP Generation

Bulk Energy
Storage

Distribution

Distribution
Operations

Customers

IPP DER

Distribution
System

Customer
DERs/Microgrid

Customer
Usage

Distribution
Storage/Microgrids

Customer
DERs/Microgrid

Aggregator

figure 1. An example of a coordination skeleton diagram. The customer usage (unresponsive load) is shown even though
it is not actually coordinated, except for the demand response (part of DERs). IPP: independent power producer.

Total TSO

Hybrid TSO

Total DSO

The TSO optimizes the entire
power system into the
distribution system, including
the dispatch coordination of all
DER services and schedules.

The TSO optimizes the bulk
power system, including
dispatch of all wholesale DER
services, but has no visibility
into the distribution system.

The TSO optimizes the entire
power system. The TSO sees a
single aggregate or virtual
resource at each T-D
interface, managed by a DSO.

The DSO is responsible for the
reliable distribution network
operations and providing
distribution network visibility
to the TSO.

The DSO optimizes the
distribution system,
including dispatch of all
distribution DER services, and
coordinates with the TSO on
all DER dispatch.

The DSO is responsible for the
physical coordination and
aggregation of all DER
services into a single resource
at the T-D interface and
wholesale market.

The customer/aggregator
coordinates with the TSO; no
operational interface with
the DSO.

The customer/aggregator
coordinates with both the TSO
and DSO.

The customer/aggregator
coordinates with the DSO; no
operational interface with
the TSO.

figure 2. The spectrum of conceptual models of TDC coordination.
september/october 2019

ieee power & energy magazine

31



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - Cover1
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