IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - 39

Alternative 2
TSO

Bulk
Generation

TO
DSP

both the interconnection and operational coordination standards (e.g., physical, information, control, communication,
and cybersecurity) needed to ensure system reliability. Such
a code would not only incorporate the recent IEEE Standard
1547-2018 and related advanced inverter functions but also
address the additional planning and operational information,
control, communication, and cybersecurity requirements as
well as roles and responsibilities.

For Further Reading
Aggregator

DER

figure 12. The NYISO future DER coordination framework: alternative 2.

implications for downstream choices about the architecture,
design, and implementation of control systems, communication networks, market mechanisms, organizational roles and
responsibilities, and, consequently industry structure.
The grid architecture considerations described in this
article suggest layered structures to coordinate and optimize
significant amounts of DERs as the most robust approach to
address reliability, resilience, and market efficiency objectives. The layered DSO model is architecturally simpler and
more robust but more difficult to transition to in practice,
given the highly centralized industry structure starting point
for most power systems. Nevertheless, several hybrid DSO
future approaches are under discussion internationally and
would seem to be attempts to have it both ways. Although
appealing as a potential compromise between the divergent TSO and DSO perspectives, hybrid DSO models are
not without their issues because they introduce complexity
in the structure of roles and responsibilities, specifically
with regard to information flows, control mechanisms, and
authorities. These complexities may be manageable at lower
levels of DER participation in market and network services,
but, as DER participation grows, they could introduce operational risks from the structures impacting reliability and
resilience and they potentially face scalability issues.
Under any structure, TDC coordination will require high
levels of visibility into the operating conditions of the DER
and distribution networks. For distribution networks, this
includes network models, physical switching coordination,
and distribution-level nodal state estimation. For customer/
aggregated DERs, the number of potentially applicable standards for information, control and communication mediums,
and associated permutations creates a significant challenge
to achieve the required situational awareness and controllability required. The relative immaturity of the related software, hardware, and communication technologies involved
compound the issues. In many countries, there is a need for
a more holistic set of distribution grid codes to fully address
september/october 2019

P. De Martini and L. Kristov, "Distribution systems in a
high distributed energy resource future," Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, FEUR Series Report
2, Oct. 2015. [Online]. Available: https://gridarchitecture.
pnnl.gov/media/advanced/FEUR_2%20distribution%20
systems%2020151022.pdf
J. Taft, "Grid architecture 2," Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, WA, Rep. PNL-24044 2, Jan. 2016.
[Online]. Available: https://gridarchitecture.pnnl.gov/media/
white-papers/GridArchitecture2final.pdf
Open Networks Project. (2017). "Opening markets for
network flexibility," Energy Networks Association, London. [Online]. Available: http://www.energynetworks.org/
assets/files/electricity/futures/Open_Networks/14574_
ENA_Open%20Networks%20Report_AW_v9_Web.pdf
AEMO and ENA. (June 2018). "Open energy networks
consultation paper," Energy Networks Australia. [Online].
Available: https://www.energynetworks.com.au/sites/default/
files/open_energy_networks_consultation_paper.pdf
N. Toda. (May 2015). "Integrated energy network concept
in Japan," TEPCO, Yokohama City, Japan. [Online]. Available: http://iiesi.org/assets/pdfs/4.1-tepco-energy-systemsintegrationiiesi-london.pdf
NYISO. (Dec. 2017). "Distributed energy resources market design concept proposal." [Online]. Available: http://
www.nysrc.org/pdf/Meetings/DER%20Meeting%2011-7-18/
DER%20Workshop_3.2B_Operations_2018-11-07.pdf
CEDEC, E.DSO, ENTSO-E, Eurelectric, and GEODE.
(Apr. 2019). "An integrated approach to active system management," TSO-DSO Report. [Online]. Available: https://
www.edsoforsmartgrids.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/
TSO-DSO_ASM_2019_190304.pdf
North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "System Planning Impacts from Distributed Energy Resources
Working Group (SPIDERWG) scope document," Atlanta,
GA, Dec. 2, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/
comm/PC/System%20Planning%20Impacts%20from%20
Dist r ibuted%20Energy%20Re/SPI DERWG_ Scope_
Document_-_2018-12-12.pdf

Biography
Paul De Martini is with the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, and Newport Consulting, Sausalito,
California.
p&e

ieee power & energy magazine

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

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