IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - 55

Figure 6 expands the basic concept of a DER facility to
(for instance, facility controls suppliers, distribution sysencompass one or more types of DERs with some sort of facilitem operators, and market service aggregators).
The facility management function could be as simple as a ties management function. This system can interact with
communicating controller embedded in the smart inverter external parties using an ESI. The classes of interacting parties
of a battery or as complex as a management system for are indicated by the clouds connected by communication
a large commercial building, manufacturing facility, or paths, on the left, to the ESI. The types of DER equipment
EV-charging parking lot with PV arrays. To interact with are indicated by the ovals connected by different communiDER equipment, the facilities management function coordi- cation paths, on the right. Another important concept in
nates internal interfaces with the hardware. To synchronize Figure 6 is the meter. To reconcile the resulting actions of a
with external parties, it supports the ESI.
DER facility with the coordinating agreements, sensing and
The ESI definition includes the notion of being service measurement systems need to be in place. The meter monitors
oriented. This is a software-systems engineering approach the flow of energy between the facility and the electric system.
that emphasizes what is expected (the service) and separates A dotted line is the communication path that connects the
or hides how that service is performed. In the case of inte- meter to distribution system operations, which is the authorgration, it means that external parties do not need to know ity responsible for reliable operation. The solid and dotted
how the DER facility manages its equipment if the service lines represent integration interfaces for discussing interopersatisfies the terms of the agreement (for instance, perfor- ability issues.
mance measures). Much of today's computer software uses
the service-oriented design paradigm to emphasize separa- Cultivating a Culture of Interoperability
tion of responsibilities between interacting components. By To achieve plug-and-play integration no matter what type
defining and providing access to a service, a program offers of DER system, a cross-technology coordination stratea way for its user to accomplish a specific task. A provider gic vision for grid connection can drive the convergence of
stipulates the nature of a service in a functional descrip- concepts and approaches. This can lead to the consolidation, its inputs and outputs, its performance guarantees, and tion of interoperability standards and conventions that are
important operational details, such as what happens if it can- adopted and used in deployments by electric system system
not complete the task (for example, an error is encountered). operators, DER aggregators, and DER facility managers.
The user, or "caller," provides the required input parameters The strategy must acknowledge that real progress toward
and receives the outputs, including the anticipated work to adoption requires action in integration ecosystems, where
be accomplished. Importantly, the user does not know how value propositions are tied directly to the process of alignthe service is supported. That is the responsibility of the pro- ing stakeholders. Table 2 lists strategic activities to advance
vider. In this way, the provider may change and improve the interoperability for grid modernization and DER integration.
way the work is performed without any change to the service A set of general actions for the grid transformation cominterface. That separation of concerns improves interopera- munity is included, followed by activities organized using the
bility because the user's side of the connection is unaffected. categories and cross-cutting issues described by the interopBy expressing grid services using a service-oriented para- erability context-setting framework.
digm in an ESI specification, a
DER facility can provide the same
service for any equipment at its disposal if it satisfies the inputs, outputs, and performance guarantees.
DER
This approach provides a focus
DER Facility
Communities
Responsive
External
for conventions, guides, and stanLoads
Actors
dards that simplify integration of
DER facilities with the grid so that
Market
ESI
Service
Facility
their interactions with external parDistributed
Providers
Management
DER Types
Storage
ties are the same regardless of the
Function
type of operation. It also provides
DER
a buffer to separate integration isService
Distributed
Providers
sues associated with the DER faGeneration
cilities' internal devices, which is
Meter
important because those situations
Distribution
System
usually have different requirements
Operations
and involve a different community
of people than interface problems
with external parties.
figure 6. The visualization of a DER facility conceptual model.
september/october 2019

ieee power & energy magazine

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - Cover3
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