IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - 66

aggregator. As mentioned previously, there was no physical bottleThe controller logic provides an
PMCL
endpoint to the aggregator to
External Logic
neck in the local grid infrastructure;
Auctioneer
operate the cluster.
therefore, virtual congestion points
dEF-Pi
were created. The DSO procurement
PM
Concentrator
was based on the aggregator foreThe CEM translates device
CEM
EFI messages for a control algorithm.
PM Device Agent
casts, and during the year, congestion
borders were shifted and enlarged to
EFI
EFI
explore the local market dynamics.
The RM translates EFI
Modbus TCP
This enabled the DSO to create a
RM
messages to instructions in the
Victron Venus
device-specific protocols.
complete planning, validation, and
settlement process for procuring
flexible loads for congestion manThe smart device will eventually act upon
agement via the aggregator. Based
instructions and provide
measurement in its own protocol.
on the forecasts, the DSO plans and
validates the procurement of flex(a)
(b)
ible load for any particular day for
congestion purposes. In this case,
figure 5. In the pilot, (a) the EFI conceptual stack was implemented using (b) the
the aggregator plays a central role in
PM Central Logic (PMCL) as the controller, and dEF-Pi as the platform for the Powerdefining a target set point based on
Matcher (PM) CEM and RMs. In this example, the smart batteries are controlled
the DSO procurement call and comusing Modbus over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
municates this to all of the devices in
the field; this shifts the responsibility
for
reliable
delivery
to
the
aggregator. Finally, in the settlepower set point, allowing control for all of the connected
devices. The power set point can be operated by the aggrega- ment phase, the DSO will settle the balance of delivery with the
tor to steer the cluster to zero and attempt to run the cluster in aggregator, based on the planned and actual delivery. In EFR-II,
islanding mode or set any desirable level of consumption or this settlement process did not involve a real monetary settlement
production, for example, to keep the total power consump- because of the pilot condition.
tion within a desired bandwidth. In doing so, the PMCL provides an endpoint for the aggregator to control the cluster Results and Reflections
power consumption.
As mentioned previously, the objective of the EFR pilot was
Note that the dispatch control algorithm uses a fictional to deploy a market-based control framework and mechaprice, but, eventually, the users had to be compensated for the nism using bottom-up bidding strategies and auctions to
called-upon flexibility. In the EFR-II pilot, the actual user coordinate the customers' smart appliances so as to manage
compensation was settled afterward according to a predeter- the energy system using open source standards and protomined contract with the aggregator, which used a fixed tariff cols. In the following section we will elaborate on some key
for utilized flexibility.
findings regarding the pilot objectives and results.

Role-Based Market Framework
Finally, the market coordination mechanism is provided
by the USEF, which is developed and maintained by the
USEF Foundation, an industry consortium. USEF is based
on the ENTSO-E role model and a proposed standard for
the trade of energy flexibility between BRPs, TSOs, DSOs,
and prosumers. The USEF role model is centered around the
aggregator role and defines interactions between the parties
involved. See "Roles in the European Electricity System" for
an explanation of the different roles, which differ from those
in other parts of the world. Figure 6 is the USEF interaction
model. The blue arrows depict the current existing interactions, i.e., without flexibility trade. The red arrows integrate
the flexibility trade interactions with the current transmission-level energy market model, as proposed by USEF.
During EFR-II, the DSO developed a strategy for congestion management and dashboards to procure flexibility via the
66

ieee power & energy magazine

Market-Based Control Framework
and Mechanism
EFR demonstrated that a market-based control framework
and mechanism is capable of helping to ease strains on the
energy system (Figure 7). During the pilot, the smart devices
on the customer premises were actively coordinated using
the previously described market framework (USEF), infrastructure (dEF-Pi and EFI), and coordination mechanism
(PowerMatcher). In its central role the aggregator sets a target set point, which was eventually achieved by a combination of efforts of the involved devices.
In Figure 8(a), a week's worth of data is shown from the
power consumption of the household batteries versus the
price on a scale of −0.5 to 0.5, where −0.5 is an incentive that
increases consumption (increase production) and 0.5 is an
incentive that decreases consumption (increase production);
"0" means that there is no target and devices operate without
september/october 2019



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2019 - Cover1
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