The demise of the Gaulard-Gibbs enterprise was probably inevitable in the absence of backing from a well-established industrial manufacturer. Gaulard was a talented young inventor without business acumen, and he partnered with a dabbler who lacked capital. If Gaulard and Gibbs had attended the Budapest National Exposition of 1885, they might have realized that they would soon be steamrolled by a formidable competitor. Ábrahám Ganz had set up a small foundry in Budapest in 1844. In 1854, he began to experiment with chilling cast iron. His chilled cast-iron wheels for railway cars proved superior to traditional forged-iron wheels and were safer. The company grew and prospered. By the end of 1874, Ganz & Co. had cast a total of approximately 300,000 wheels. Ganz's timing had been excellent. Railroad construction was booming worldwide in the 1850s and 1860s. There were 32,000 mi of railway tracks in Europe in 1860 and double that number in 1870. september/october 2019 (a) (b) figure 9. (a) William Stanley's 1886 transformer and (b) the 1887 commercial version of the Westinghouse Electric Company. (Sources: The Stanley transformer is taken from a press photo released by the Westinghouse Electric Co. in 1946, owned by the author. The Westinghouse transformer is from Electrical World (New York) of 3 September 1887.) ieee power & energy magazine 89http://www.electrical-studies.com