IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - 42

Increase Rate (%)

14

13

20

12

20

11

20

10

20

20

08

0

20

20

20

07

1.1 2.1 4.2

06

0

38%

20

20

09

60

110%

20

80
40

120
95.8 100
100%
76.5
80
61.4
56%
68%
60
46.2 33%
40
29.6
25%
17.6
20
8.4
25%

103%

100 95%

05

Cumulative
Capacity of Wind (GW)

120

Year
Cumulative Capacity

Increase Rate

30
25

250

204%

6.5

61%

100
50

12

0

20

11

20

10
20

09

08

20

20

20

20

07

40%
2.9
5 14% 25%
0.08 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.9
0

150

14

10

169%

122%

20

103%

13

15

200

17.5

20

20

Increase Rate (%)

28.1 300
240%

06

Cumulative Capacity (GW)

figure 1. The cumulative capacity and rate of increase of
wind power in China since 2005.

Year
Cumulative Capacity

Increase Rate

figure 2. The cumulative capacity and rate of increase of
solar power in China since 2006 (concentrated solar power
is included in the statistics).

country was classified into three areas according to the condition of solar resource, with the feed-in tariff for each class
being 0.90 RMB/kWh, 0.95 RMB/kWh and 1 RMB/kWh,
respectively. For distributed PV power, a fixed subsidy per
kilowatthour of electricity generated was introduced. Electricity generated from PVs for either self-consumption or grid
feed-in is eligible for 0.42 RMB/kWh of subsidy. The difference between the feed-in tariffs for renewable energy and
the local benchmark feed-in tariff for coal-fired generation
is subsidized through the national-level Renewable Energy
Fund, which is collected through a nationwide renewable
energy surcharge from electricity users. Since, 2006, there
have been four adjustments of the surcharge, with the current
level oft 0.015 RMB/kWh.
China established the first grid code for wind power integration, Technical Rule for Connecting Wind Farm to Power
System (GB/Z19963-2005), in December 2005. Considering
the small portion of wind power capacity and the manufacturing level of local wind turbines at that stage, the rule
42

ieee power & energy magazine

specified relatively lower standard technical requirements,
with only some general principles. Specific requirements
such as low-voltage ride through (LVRT) capability were not
specified. With the increasing penetration of VG, especially
after the incidents of several large scale trip-offs of wind
turbines in 2011, the security of the power grid became a
key point of renewable energy policy in China. Technical
rule GB/Z19963-2005 was revised to be GB/Z19963-2011 in
2011 and was enacted on 1 June 2012. It was specified in
GB/Z19963-2011 that all grid-integrated wind farms must
have the LVRT capability. At the same time, State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) established the National Wind
Technology and Test Research Center and enhanced certification and management of wind turbine integration. LVRT
capability of all 187 grid-integrated wind farms were sample
tested, and 15 aspects of wind farms and wind turbines were
retrofitted. Since 2013, no large-scale trip-offs of wind turbines have occurred in China. With the fast development of
PV and distributed generation in China after 2011, standards
for PV power station connection, Technical Requirements
for Connecting Photovoltaic Power Station to Power System
(GB/T 19964-2012), and for distributed generation connection, Standard for Connecting Distributed Generation to
Distribution Network (NB/T 32015-2013), were established.
The specifications are mainly on grid integration requirements, including LVRT, active and reactive control, and
power quality. Since then, over 40 related grid codes and
standards on wind power integration and operation were
formed or revised by the government and SGCC. Main grid
codes and standards for wind power integration and operation are shown in Table 1.
As shown by the principle of guaranteed purchase of
renewables specified in the revised Renewable Energy Law
2009 and "Opinions on Strengthening the Security of Wind
Farm Operation" issued by National Energy Administration
(NEA) in 2010, the stability of power system operation is
the prerequisite of the priority dispatch and full purchase of
renewable energy. The requirements for establishing wind
power forecast systems and optimal system operation mechanism were strengthened. At the same time, government
regulators further strengthened the regulations on integration of wind and solar plants by power grid companies and
on information disclosure to the public by periodic releases
of a market regulation report.
Distributed PVs are a beneficiary of massive policy support by the Chinese government. But due to problems such
as a lack of favorable roof resources for PV installation, an
imperfect business model, as well as issues related to project management, financing, and taxation, the development
of distributed PVs is far behind expectations. The goal of
yearly installed distributed PVs in 2014 was 8 GW, but the
actual newly installed distributed PVs was only 2.05 GW.
At the same time, the capacity of newly installed groundmounted PV power stations was 8.04 GW, well exceeding
the governmental goal of 2.04 GW.
november/december 2015



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - Cover4
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