IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - 73

pinst_installed, power_rated (GW)

36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2

Maximum: 20.63 GW
Gradient (10:00-10:15 UTC):
4.02 GW/15 min
Wednesday
Measurement
Thursday

Tuesday
Friday

04:00
20.03.2015

Source:
06:00
08:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
Worksat.info
20.03.2015 20.03.2015 20.03.2015 20.03.2015 20.03.2015 20.03.2015 20.03.2015
(x1e + 09)
Satellite Image 20.03.15, 9:00

figure 6. The German weather forecast for the March 2015 solar eclipse. (Source: Focken Energy & Meteo Systems.)

Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E)
and on a national level, and maintained continuous communication before, during, and after the event to coordinate all necessary actions that had to be taken. This event
and the corresponding preparation illustrate the nature
of the new challenges that will increasingly face future
system operators.
On a regular day, German TSOs contract for approximately
±2 GW of automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) and
-2.7/+2 GW of manual frequency restoration reserve (mFRR).
In preparation for the eclipse, they contracted for ±4.3 GW of
aFRR and -3/+3.7 GW of mFRR. As Figure 7 shows, a maximum of about 1,800 MW of positive control power was activated during the event, and the aFRR demand reached almost

The umbra shadow of this solar eclipse moving from the North
Atlantic along the Faroe Islands to Svalbard, Germany, was just
affected by a partial eclipse.
Nevertheless, on Friday 20 March 2015, under a clear morning sky, within two hours the German interconnected power
system lost 8 GW during the solar eclipse and then regained
17 GW, with a maximum ramp rate of up to 700 MW/min, or
4.4 GW over a 15-min market interval.
The Thursday day-ahead PV plant output forecast and
the Friday morning intraday forecast were in close agreement, predicting the actual PV plant output very accurately,
as shown in Figure 6.
The German TSOs had undertaken extensive operational
planning coordination, through the European Network of

1,000
500

MW

0
-500
-1,000
-1,500
00:00

aFRR (-) Activated
aFRR (+) Activated
Control Area Balance
mFRR Sum + Interruptible Loads
02:00

04:00

06:00

08:00

Negative Control Area Balance = Generation Surplus
10:00

12:00

14:00

16:00

18:00

20:00

22:00

figure 7. The automatic frequency restoration reserve and manual frequency restoration reserve during the 2015 solar
eclipse (data from Germany). (Source: 50Hertz Transmission.)
november/december 2015

ieee power & energy magazine

73



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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2015 - Cover3
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