IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - 96

Active
Power (MW)

1,000
500
0
4

6

8

10

12

8

10

12

8

10

12

8

10

12

Reactive
Power (Mvar)

Time (s)

500
0
4

6

Voltage
(pu)

Time (s)
1.5
1
0.5
4

6

Electrical
Frequency (Hz)

Time (s)
60
40
20
0

4

6
Time (s)
Without GFM

With GFM

figure 4. The simulation results showing that one GFM IBPS in a portion of a North American utility can ensure small
signal stability of the system upon islanding of that portion from the main grid. At 4 s, the entire system becomes an all
inverter system. In the case without GFM inverters, the controllers are not able to ensure a stable operation. At 8 s, a
three-phase bolted fault is applied on this all-inverter system.

Test Case 3

Active Power (pu)

0.6

VSC2
VSC1

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5

1

1.5

2

Time (s)

figure 5. A comparison of GFM (VSC1) and GFL (VSC2)
response to a step increase in the load. VSC: voltage source
converter.
✔ a dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC) that

mimics the behavior of a perfect inductance or capacitance oscillator and self-synchronizes on a grid.
Although these controls have somewhat different implementations, their behavior close to nominal conditions (in a
96

ieee power & energy magazine

small signal) is similar. The MIGRATE project investigated
the interoperability of GFMs and demonstrated that VSM,
frequency droop, and dVOC can operate on the same network in a stable manner. The other controls have not been
similarly investigated, which does not mean that they are
incompatible. Moreover, these controls do not change the
fundamental system operation, as they recreate the linear
link between frequency and load imbalance. However, the
boundary between primary and secondary frequency control
and inertia might change with the shift in system dynamics.
GFM control creates a direct link between the ac network
and the dc side of the converter. This is one of the necessary
conditions to ensure stable ac system operation, but it means
that the dc side of the converter must be correctly modeled. For
example, a GFM IBPS will immediately react to an ac load
step change by drawing power from its dc side. An accurate
representation of this is necessary, since energy depletion on
the dc side will have a direct impact on the ac-side voltage.
Thus, a nonstiff dc bus could result in the coupling between
active power and voltage; this effect has been largely ignored in
power system analysis so far. An energy buffer is also required
november/december 2019



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover4
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