IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - 56

and less irradiation. To modify the system operation during
the intraday and in near real time when there are PV output
forecast errors, PSH plants with a minimal start-up time of
several minutes and thermal plants that have relatively short
start-up times are useful; however, when the PV capacity
increases, the storage level of PSH plants should be carefully
monitored and managed.

During the afternoon, a 0.7-GW gas plant was synchronized
3 h after the operator's order. During the evening, there was
almost no remaining energy stored in PSH.
It is crucial to understand that a reduction in PV generation often coincides with increased demand during winter
and early spring because of a common root cause: increasing cloud cover resulting in a lower atmospheric temperature

Maximum
Forecast Error

Operation of
Distribution System
2-h-Ahead
Curtailment, If Necessary

Online
Average
Error
Forecast
Scheduled
Nonrenewable Renewable
Energy
Energy Generation Generation
Supply

Day-Ahead
Curtailment

Offline

Curtailment
Target

Curtailment

Demand

figure 13. Improvement in curtailment operation by using the average forecast error.
(Source: METI; used with permission.)

As the share of renewable generation increases and the power supply from traditional, large-scale,
centralized power plants decreases,
the power flow in a distribution
grid-which has been traditionally
one directional from the transmission grid to the load-becomes
bidirectional and dependent on the
balance between local loads and
local generation. In this situation,
voltage management in a distribution system becomes more complicated because the voltage profile of
a feeder line varies largely with and
without the power flow accompanying a renewable energy connection, as shown in Figure 15. When

12
0.9-GW Surplus at 12 p.m.
10

(GW, GWh)

8

6

4

3.5-GW Deficit at 12 p.m.

2

2

.
p.
m
2 .
p.
m
3 .
p.
m
4 .
p.
m
5 .
p.
m
6 .
p.
m
7 .
p.
m
8 .
p.
m
9 .
p.
10 m.
p.
11 m.
p.
m
.

m

.

1

12

p.

m

.
11

a.

m

.
10

a.

m

.
9

a.

m

.
8

a.

m

.
7

a.

m

.
6

a.

m

.
5

a.

m

.
4

a.

m

.
3

a.

.

m

m

a.

a.

2

1

12

a.

m

.

0

PHS Generation

Demand, Actual

Demand, Forecast

Thermal
T
Power

PV, Actual

PV Forecast at
D -Ahead 1,000
Day
1 000
Day-Ahead

PV Forecast at
D -Ahead 1,600
Day
1 600
Day-Ahead

P
PHS
Storage

figure 14. The demand and supply operation on 2 March 2019. (Source: Kyushu EPCO; used with permission.)
56	

ieee power & energy magazine	

november/december 2020



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover3
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