IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - 82
Otros trabajos recientes han estudiado la posibilidad
de acelerar los objetivos de electricidad limpia en Estados
Unidos hasta el 90 % para 2035, algo comparable al objetivo
de energía limpia del Presidente Joe Biden de lograr
un sistema eléctrico 100 % sin emisiones de carbono para
2035. En el " Informe 2035 " , publicado a mediados de 2020,
se muestra cómo Estados Unidos podría alcanzar el 90 %
de energía libre de carbono si mantiene sus actuales fuentes
de energía libre de carbono (hidroeléctrica y nuclear) y
despliega nuevos sistemas de almacenamiento de energía
eólica, solar y en baterías. La flota de gas existente, que
funciona con bajos factores de capacidad, suministraría
la energía de compensación. Sin embargo, para que estas
redes bajas en carbono se conviertan en una realidad, no
es suficiente con demostrar su viabilidad técnica y económica,
ya que también serían necesarios cambios de políticas
y normativas, que se debatirán.
El cambio de enfoque hacia la urgencia a corto plazo
de desplegar grandes cantidades de energía eólica y
solar evidencia la función de la transmisión en la descarbonización.
Se presentan los resultados de trabajos
recientes que destacan la función de la transmisión en
la integración de grandes proporciones de generación
variable en grandes áreas geográficas. Los trabajos también
demuestran cómo la transmisión permite combinar
los perfiles de producción complementarios de la energía
eólica y solar.
Se analiza una transición energética similar en marcha en
Europa desde un punto de vista continental, con énfasis en
Alemania. Europa ha restado importancia a las fuentes de
energía limpias y estables, como la nuclear o la captura y el
almacenamiento de carbono, para dar mayor importancia a
las energías renovables. El enfoque aumenta el acoplamiento
entre el sistema eléctrico y los sistemas de combustible producidos
por energías renovables (hidrógeno y combustibles
sintéticos) a fin de descarbonizar otros sectores, como el
transporte, la construcción y la industria.
El desplome de los costos de la energía
solar, eólica y en baterías puede
acelerar nuestro futuro de energía limpia
Las drásticas reducciones en los costos de la tecnología de la
energía solar, la energía eólica y las baterías tienen el potencial
de acelerar el calendario para la descarbonización económica
del sector eléctrico. En el " Informe 2035 " se emplearon
los últimos datos sobre los costos y las herramientas de
modelado y previsiones estándar de la industria buscando
demostrar la viabilidad y asequibilidad de lograr un 90 %
de electricidad libre de carbono en los Estados Unidos para
2035. El estudio aplicó herramientas y datos de modelado
líderes en la industria, incluida la herramienta del Sistema
Regional de Despliegue de Energía (ReEDS, por sus siglas
en inglés) del Laboratorio Nacional de Energías Renovables
(NREL, por sus siglas en inglés) para la expansión de la
capacidad; el modelo de costos de producción PLEXOS de
Energy Exemplar; y las previsiones de los costos y el rendimiento
a partir de los datos en Annual Technology Baseline
del NREL.
El estudio comparó dos casos clave, un caso de ausencia
de nuevas políticas, en el que se supone que la política
energética actual no cambia hasta 2035, y un caso de 90 %
de energía limpia, en el que se contempla un estándar federal
de energía limpia (junto con políticas complementarias)
que ordena un 90 % de energía libre de carbono para 2035.
(Véase la figura 1). En comparación, el caso de ausencia
de nuevas políticas solo logra un 53 % de electricidad limpia
para 2035. En el caso de 90 % de energía limpia, todas
las centrales de carbón se han retirado para 2035 y no se
han construido nuevas centrales de combustibles fósiles.
El caso de 90 % de energía limpia reduce las emisiones de
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Solar
Eólica
Hidroeléctica
Nuclear
Geotérmica
Bioenergía
Otro
Gas
Carbón
2020
2025
(a)
2030
2035
2020
2025
(b)
figura 1. Generación en los casos (a) 90 % de energía limpia y (b) ausencia de nuevas políticas
82
ieee power & energy magazine
noviembre/diciembre 2021
2030
2035
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Solar
Eólica
Nuclear
Hidroeléctica Geotérmica
Bioenergía
Otro
Gas
Carbón
Generación anual (TWh/año)
Generación anual (TWh/año)
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December
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