IEEE PES T&D Conference & Exposition 2022 - 133

insulation ensures that new switchgear and circuit breakers
are future-proof concerning health, safety, environment,
performance, and existing or future governmental mandates.
Recent joint efforts between the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and industry show that new highvoltage,
non-SF6 gas-insulated alternatives have promise
with early adoptions in the United States and abroad. This
gives utilities new options as they strive to meet their voluntary
CO2-reduction commitments, respond to state or local
requirements, and manage longer-term plans to decommission
fi rst-generation SF6 or older oil-fi lled breakers.
On the regulatory front, for example, the California Air
Resource Board is limiting the leak rate and phasing out SF6.
An amended regulation to reduce SF6 emissions from gasinsulated
equipment and phase out new SF6 gas-insulated
equipment has been approved for adoption. California utilities
are also introducing new equipment years in advance to
gather experience. The California effort is expected to be a
guiding light emulated by other regions or states. European
countries are in the process of similar efforts.
This article describes performance requirements and
test results for the newest products using vacuum-switching
technology and CO2-neutral insulation with clean and
dry compressed air. Available soon, these innovations
include 145kV/40kV dead tank
circuit breakers, 145kV/50kA gasinsulated
switchgear, and 145kV/
63kA dead tank circuit breakers.
Why Phase Out SF6?
SF6 is the most potent GHG known.
A sustainable world requires decarbonizing
many parts of our society,
including energy, mobility, industry,
and housing. Electrification is the
solution, but generation and electrical
grids must be decarbonized.
Generation must use renewable
energy, and electrical grids must
include GHG- free equipment. For
our power systems, this means that
SF6 and other GHG must be phased
out. These gases will be replaced
with healthy, safe, high-performing,
and reliable technologies.
Figure 1 shows the United
Nations' sustainable development
goals and core goals that can be
easily translated for the electrical
grid. Figure 2 shows the breakdown
of GHG by volume, not potency.
SF6 is an element of F-gases,
making up an average of 3% of
the GHGs challenging the environment
today. Most importantly,
April 2022 Show Issue
even with the small volume percentage, SF6 has the highest
GWP of all GHGs. One mole of SF6 has the same effect
as 23,500 of CO2, making it the most potent GHG that the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a branch
of the UN, has ever evaluated. According to the EPA, the
annual emissions rate of SF6 rose from 7.3 gigagrams (Gg)
estimated in 2008 to about 9.04 Gg in 2018, an increase of
24% over the decade. For a reference of this magnitude,
9 Gg of SF6, as reported in 2018 equates to GHG emissions
of approximately 44 million passenger vehicles driven for
one year, or 226 billion pounds of coal burned. Similarly,
the global mean concentration of SF6 has increased steadily
since 1995 from approximately 3.5 parts per trillion (ppt) to
10.5 ppt in 2021, a threefold increase over 25 years. According
to the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks, 1990-2019 report, the largest increase occurred in
2017-18 and amounted to 0.35 ppt. SF6 is the most damaging
GHG and has the longest-term effect on the world's environment
at 3,200 years. This is why SF6 is being aggressively
addressed by the energy industry.
SF6 Phase-Out Criteria and Timing
In 2020, the European Union presented a report outlining
alternatives to SF6 used in switchgear and related equipment.
Good Health and Well-Being
Zero Toxicity
Zero Pollution: No PFAS and F-Gases
Affordable and Clean Energy
Clean Generation: Zero GHG Emissions by Renewables
Clean Grids: Zero GHG Use in Electrical Grids
Climate Action
Zero SF6
Zero GHG With GWP = 0
figure 1. United Nations sustainable development goals and core goals for electrical
grids.
Nitrous Oxide
6%
6%
Methane
16%
Land Use)
10%
Land Use)
Carbon Dioxide
(Fossil Fuel and
Industrial
Processes)
65%
Methane
16%
Carbon Dioxide
(Forestry and
Carbon Dioxide
(Forestry and
F-Gasses
3%
F-Gasses
figure 2. Global GHG percentages as reported by Climate Watch in 2020.
ieeepower & energy magazine
133

IEEE PES T&D Conference & Exposition 2022

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