Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 8

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS

Dan Carney

8 December 2019

ELECTRIFICATION

How battery technology will drive truck electrification

Vantage Power, now an Allison Transmission company, has expertise in next-gen battery pack
technologies, vehicle integration, control systems and vehicle connectivity for medium- and
heavy-duty vehicles.

A module
showcasing several
key innovations in
thermal management
of cells.
The past three years have seen a major
shift in the perception around electrified
commercial vehicles, including trucks,
driven by a variety of factors that have
come together at this particular time.
These factors include a growing awareness and acceptance of the impact of
CO2 emissions on climate change and
the dangers of diesel emissions-most
notably highlighted by the Volkswagen
emissions scandal-alongside a growing
maturity and improved cost profile on
electric vehicle (EV) technology. As a
result, fleet owners and OEMs now consider e-trucks much more seriously.
Within the EV technology landscape,
lithium-ion battery packs stand out as
the most critical piece of the puzzle and
represent the biggest hurdle before
mass adoption can take place. Here I
share a brief overview of the challenges

the industry faces in solving the battery
pack conundrum, and some of the developments that could contribute to the
solution. My perspective on this topic is
based on my experience as the Chief
Commercial Officer for Electrification at
Allison Transmission and also as CEO
and co-founder of London-based
Vantage Power, a company acquired by
Allison in April 2019 for its work in battery pack technology, vehicle integration and connectivity.
The primary barrier to widespread
e-truck adoption is the cost of the battery pack, which typically is the most
expensive system in the vehicle and
may represent over 50% of a vehicle's
value. Many factors contribute to the
cost of a battery pack, three of the
most critical being cell cost, pack cost,
and if/when the pack needs replacing.
TRUCK & OFF-HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

BOTH IMAGES: VANTAGE POWER

selection has a "disproportionally large
effect on efficiency" compared to conventional engines, he added.
Natural gas is the preferred fuel for
residential installations because the
generator can tap the existing gas lines
where available, for constant fuel supply. But natural gas mixes inside the
engine differently than liquid gasoline,
so Mahle had to refine its fuel injection
for the pre-chamber. "Natural gas is
more of a chaotic, less-predictable mixing event," Bunce explained. "You need
to aim the spray from the fuel injector a
little differently."
Mahle attacked friction on two
fronts: by reducing the friction between the piston and the cylinder with
the company's EvoTech II low-friction,
lightweight piston, and by reducing
engine operating speed to just 900
rpm. Running at a constant, low speed
reduces concerns about transient
throttle response for example, but it
creates its own challenges, according
to Bunce. Running at such low speeds,
variability of combustion cycles can be
a problem, he said.
"One of the benefits that comes with
MJI is that it produces good cycle-tocycle combustion stability. MJI gives faster burning no matter what speed you're
operating. This is especially critical when
using natural gas as fuel," Bunce said.
"Natural gas is a tricky fuel. It lights off
easily, but the combustion process is
highly dependent on temperature."
The natural gas combustion process
can be so long that the flame cools
and goes out during the combustion
event, but the MJI pre-chamber helps
prevent that.
Now, the partners have moved on to
work on a larger-displacement version
of the engine that would power bigger
generators. To contain costs, Mahle and
Kohler are pursuing ways to manufacture the cylinder head with the prechamber built into it rather than as a
separate, bolt-on part.
"We are getting closer to production
feasibility," Bunce said. The partners'
target is to bring a product to market
within five years, he added.



Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019

Contents
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - Intro
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - Cover1
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - Cover2
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - Contents
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 2
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 3
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 4
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 5
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 6
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 7
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 8
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 9
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 10
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 11
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 12
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 13
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 14
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 15
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 16
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 17
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 18
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 19
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 20
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 21
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 22
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 23
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 24
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 25
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 26
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 27
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 28
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 29
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 30
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 31
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 32
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 33
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 34
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 35
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - 36
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - Cover3
Truck & Off-Highway Engineering - December 2019 - Cover4
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