SAMPE Journal - July/August 2020 - 43

Table 3. Combined load compression strength (MPa) ASTM
D6641-14.
2894

Test Temp (°C)

2895

2896

4891

Dry

Wet

Dry

Wet

Dry

Wet

Dry

Wet

22

732

628

663

623

632

552

775

665

124

450

339

417

355

418

357

526

416

135

430

203

364

274

391

297

487

372

150

197

89

285

132

337

249

414

276

Table 4. Interlaminar shear strength (MPa) ASTM D2344-13.
Test Temp (°C)

2894

2895

2896

4891

Dry

Wet

Dry

Wet

Dry

Wet

Dry

Wet

22

76.9

71.3

71.6

67.8

74.2

64.3

84.6

72.7

120

41.6

29.0

44.3

34.0

44.4

33.4

56.0

41.5

135

30.9

15.9

38.0

25.5

37.4

26.8

47.0

33.6

150

15.8

-

33.6

15.7

30.6

17.5

39.5

22.6

Table 5. Open hole compression strength (MPa) ASTM D6434-14.
Test Temp (°C)

2894
Dry

22

2895

Wet

312

Dry

Wet

300

2896
Dry

Wet

299

4891
Dry

Wet

327

CONCLUSIONS
Resins 2894, 2895, 2896 and 4891 were introduced as aerospace grade Resin Transfer Molding Epoxy Resins. This resin series increased glass
transition temperature roughly 10°C sequentially
for Matrix Resins 2894, 2895, 2896 and 4891. This
increase in glass transition temperature resulted in
higher compression strength, interlaminar shear
strength and open hole compression strength at
elevated temperatures, particularly in the wet condition. The service temperature of 2895, 2896 and
4891 increase with increasing glass transition temperature as compared to the baseline 2894 resin
system. The room temperature composite toughness properties as measured by GIC, GIIC and compression strength after impact show a mixture of
results. GIC and compression strength after impact
reduce slightly with higher service temperature
while GIIC has a less clear trend. The series of resins demonstrate performance suitable for aircraft
primary structure, with homogeneous resin systems not relying on the addition of interlaminar
tougheners.
REFERENCES

100

231

224

224

260

1. Rudd, C. D. "Resin transfer molding and structural re-

135

124

171

171

206

action injection molding" Composites ASM Handbook
Volume 21, 2001, p.p. 492-500.
2.

Table
6. Fracture toughness properties at 22°C.
	

Arnold, M., Henne, M., Bender, K., Dreschler, K. "The

influence of various kinds of PA12 interlayer on the in-

2894

2895

2896

4891

terlaminar toughness of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy

GIC (J/m )

948

914

861

631

composites" Polymer Composites, 2015, 1249-1257.

GIIC (J/m2)

1107

1167

1062

966

3. Tsotsis, T.K., "Interlayer toughening of composite ma-

CAI (MPa)

316

304

304

291

terials" Polymer Composites, 2009, 70-86.

2

4.

Hackett, S.C., Nelson, J.M., Hine, A.M., Sedgwick, P.,

Lowe, R.H., Goetz, D.P., Schultz, W.J. "Improved carbon

MPa. Resin 4891, with the lowest neat resin KIC fracture toughness value of 1.41 MPa·m1/2 and strain to
failure of 4.4% not surprisingly had the lowest composite toughness properties of the series. While silica has been shown to improve fracture toughness
due to particle/polymer debonding and a tortuous
path for crack propagation, the acrylic additives are
more effective in improving the fracture toughness
of these resins. Resin 4891 still recorded a very respectable compression strength after impact value
of 291 GPa, an 8.5% reduction versus 2894. This
modest reduction in compression after impact for
the highest service temperature resin of this series
is believed to be a result of the higher compression
properties of 4891.

w w w. s a m p e . o r g

fiber composite compression strength and shear stiffness through matrix modification with nanosilica" Proc.
American Society for Composites 25th Annual Technical
Conference. Dayton, OH, Sept. 20-22, 2010.
5.

Hackett, S.C., Nelson, J.M., Hine, A.M., Sedgwick, P.,

Lowe, R.H., Goetz, D.P., Schultz, W.J., "The effect of nanosilica concentration on the enhancement of epoxy resins
for prepreg composites" 42nd ISTC, Salt Lake City, UT October 11-14, 2010.

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