SAMPE Journal - July/August 2020 - 59
samples which can equilibrate to moisture levels within reasonable test conditioning times
(compared to larger physical mechanical test specimens used for tension, compression,
and shear testing. As a result, Tg tests (with and without moisture often are tested early in a
characterization program to obtain at least a "preliminary" estimate or potential limits. The
reader is cautioned that mechanical property testing, while taking longer, often is still very
important since margins of safety rely on a well-defined "materials allowable" test series.
ASTM procedures (practices and test standards) cover moisture conditioning as well as three
(3) primary methods used to establish Tg values under various conditions as shown below:
* Moisture Conditioning
o ASTM D5229 Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer
Matrix Composite Materials
* Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
o ASTM D7426 Assignment of the DSC Procedure for Determining Tg of a Polymer or an
Elastomeric Compound
o ASTM E1356 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
o ASTM E2602 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by
Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry
* Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)
o ASTM E1545 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition
Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
o ASTM E1824 Test Method for Assignment of the
Glass Transition Temperature Using
Thermomechanical Analysis: Tension Method
* Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
o ASTM D4065 (Practice) Dynamic Mechanical
Properties: Determination and Report of
Procedures (refers to various methods used)
o ASTM D7028 Glass Transition Temperature
(DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
o ASTM E1640 Test Method for Assignment of the
Glass Transition Temperature by Dynamic
Mechanical Analysis
The next Tech Tidbits will discuss the type of data typically
derived form some of the Tg test methods.
1. Thermal Analysis of Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D.
Menczel and R. Bruce Prime (Editors), John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN
978-0-471-76917-0.
2. Composite Materials Handbook (Vol. 1) (CMH-17), "Polymer Matrix
Composites: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials,",
Section 6.6.3 Glass Transition Temperature, SAE International, 2012,
ISBN 978-0-7680-7811-4.
3. TA Instruments "Thermal Analysis" website covers DSC, TGA, TMA
and DMA in several webinars, videos and booklets (available), www.
tainstruments.com.
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SAMPE Journal - July/August 2020
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