Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 796

Ivan Parkin Lecture Utility of Microbiological Testing for Food Safety Assurance Presented by: Russell S. Flowers, Ph.D. Silliker Group Corporation Homewood, Illinois M icrobiological testing is an important component in assuring food safety. It is used to establish baseline information for microorganisms in ingredients, in-process samples, the process environment, and validate the efficacy of lethal and preservation processes. Microbiological testing also is useful for verification of critical ingredients, the processing environment, critical control points (CCPs), and the overall HACCP plan. Microbiological testing may be required as part of trade agreements between countries, or part of purchase specifications between buyer and supplier. In addition, regulatory programs have incorporated microbiological guidelines, requiring routine process control testing. Some food producers perform routine finished product testing as due diligence to minimize liability in the event of litigation. These different applications of microbiological testing require varying levels of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, time, and cost constraints. The confidence or uncertainty associated with microbiological data can be affected by various steps in the process, including the sampling plan, sampling procedure, method of analysis, and laboratory performance. Methodological considerations Over the past 25 years, tremendous innovations in microbiological food testing have occurred. For example, methods for the detection and identification of microorganisms, especially pathogens, that utilize enzyme immunoassays, immuno-capture, genetic hybridization, and gene amplification have been developed and commercialized. These techniques can also be used for quantification and identification of spoilage and indicator organisms. However, even with theses new technologies, the basic principles of microbiological testing of foods remains essentially the same as it has been for almost 100 years. A sample must be collected from the food, homogenized and analyzed for the presence of the organism(s) of interest. With few exceptions, e.g., direct microscopic techniques, detection and quantification of microorganisms in foods requires that the organism(s) of interest be cultivated in growth media, solid or liquid, to a level that can be observed visually or detected by various secondary screening methods. Historically, evidence of growth resulted from turbidity in liquid media or visible colonies on agar plates. Quantification was facilitated by serial dilution of the homogenates before cultivation. The basic principles were made more specific by the inclusion of selective and differential agents in the growth media to suppress the growth of competitive (non-target organisms) and provide visible changes in the media to differentiate the target organisms(s) from competitors. In order to observe visible changes in the media, high numbers of cells are required. Therefore, the methods generally required days to complete. Today, sampling, homogenization, and incubation is still required, but technological advancements have facilitated the detection of the target organism in the growth medium, leading to improvements in sensitivity, specificity, and the time required for specific detection; 8–24 hours. Quantitative methods have theoretical limits of detection of 1–10 cells per gram for MPN procedures, and 10–100 cells per gram for plate count procedures. Even direct enrichment methods are limited to the detection of 1 organism per amount of food tested, assuming that the one organism is able to grow and reach a detectable level, as described above. The limits of detection can be improved by analyzing larger samples and multiple sub-samples. However, even if 100 samples of a lot of food are tested, lots with 2% contaminated samples would be accepted ~18% of the time (1). Furthermore, the accuracy and precision of microbiological methods are often not considered. For a sample containing 100 cells/g of a specific or group of organism(s), the 95% confidence limits for a plate count and an MPN method would be +/- 20% and 30–300%, respectively (2). An enrichment method utilizing sixty 25 g samples, a total of 1500 g, would provide 95% confidence that there is <1 cell/500 g 796 FOOD PROTECTION TRENDS | NOVEMBER 2008

Food Protection Trends - November 2008

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - November 2008

Food Protection Trends - November 2008
Contents
Sustaining Members
Perspectives from Your President
Commentary from the Executive Director
Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes on Various Conveyor Belt Surfaces
Third-Party Certification of Agro-Products in China: A Study of Agro-Product Producers in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Qingdao
IAFP 2008 in Review
Award Winners
3M Microbiology - Black Pearl Award Winner
Ivan Parkin Lecture - Russell S. Flowers
John H. Silliker Lecture - Michael P. Doyle
Student Travel Scholarships
Session Summaries
Highlights of the Executive Board Meeting
Minutes of the 95th Annual Business Meeting
Committee Minutes
Executive Board Response to Committee Recommendations
Exhibitors of IAFP 2008
Special Contributors and Sponsors
Call for Awards - IAFP 2009
New Members
What's Happening in Food Safety
Industry Products
Coming Events
Advertising Index
Journal of Food Protection Table of Contents
Audiovisual Library Order Form
Booklet Order Form
Membership Application
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Food Protection Trends - November 2008
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 745
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Contents
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 747
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 748
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 749
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 750
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 751
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 752
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Sustaining Members
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 754
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 755
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Perspectives from Your President
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 757
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Commentary from the Executive Director
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 759
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes on Various Conveyor Belt Surfaces
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 761
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 762
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 763
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 764
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Third-Party Certification of Agro-Products in China: A Study of Agro-Product Producers in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Qingdao
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 766
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 767
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 768
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 769
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 770
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - IAFP 2008 in Review
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 772
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 773
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 774
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 775
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Award Winners
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 777
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 778
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 779
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 780
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 781
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 782
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 783
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 784
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 785
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 786
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Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 788
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 789
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 790
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 791
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 792
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 793
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 3M Microbiology - Black Pearl Award Winner
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 795
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Ivan Parkin Lecture - Russell S. Flowers
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 797
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 798
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 799
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - John H. Silliker Lecture - Michael P. Doyle
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 801
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 802
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 803
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Student Travel Scholarships
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 805
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 806
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 807
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Session Summaries
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 809
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 810
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 811
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 812
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 813
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 814
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 815
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Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 821
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 822
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 823
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 824
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 825
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 826
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 827
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 828
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 829
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 830
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 831
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 832
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Highlights of the Executive Board Meeting
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Minutes of the 95th Annual Business Meeting
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 835
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Committee Minutes
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 837
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 838
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 839
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 840
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 841
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 842
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 843
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 844
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 845
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 846
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 847
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 848
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Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 853
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 854
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 855
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 856
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 857
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Executive Board Response to Committee Recommendations
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 859
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 860
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 861
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 862
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 863
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 864
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 865
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Exhibitors of IAFP 2008
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 867
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 868
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 869
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 870
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Special Contributors and Sponsors
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 872
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 873
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Call for Awards - IAFP 2009
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 875
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - New Members
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 877
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 878
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 879
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - What's Happening in Food Safety
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 881
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 882
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 883
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 884
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 886
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 887
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 888
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 890
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Advertising Index
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Journal of Food Protection Table of Contents
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 893
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Audiovisual Library Order Form
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Booklet Order Form
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Membership Application
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Cover4
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