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studies with the genetic and serological characterization of food isolates to determine the origin of contamination with L. monocytogenes (7, 19, 20). Furthermore, surveillance of antibiotic resistance in L. monocytogenes strains from food processing environments provides needed information about the development and spread of resistance in the food supply. Because of the severity of listerosis, timely monitoring of the development and spread of antibiotic resistance is important, since resistance may decrease treatment efficacy. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Drs. Carl E. Cerniglia, John B. Sutherland and Bruce D. Erickson for critical review of the manuscript and Dr. Chorng-Ming Cheng for Listeria isolates. The views presented in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the National Center for Toxicological Research administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. REFERENCES 1. Bae, D., E. H. Mezal, R. D. Smiley, C. Cheng, and A. A. Khan. 2014. The sub-species characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from domestic and imported food products from 2004 to 2011. Food Res. Int. 64:656-663. 7. Fonnesbech Vogel, B., H. H. Huss, B. Ojeniyi, P. Ahrens, and L. Gram. 2001. Elucidation of Listeria monocytogenes contamination routes in cold-smoked salmon processing plants detected by DNA-based typing methods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2586-2595. 14. Lundén, J., T. Autio, A. Markkula, S. Hellström, and H. Korkeala. 2003. 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Ingmer. 2010. Influence of sublethal concentrations of common disinfectants on expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:303-309. 17. Romanova, N. A., P. F. Wolffs, L. Y. Brovko, and M. W. Griffiths. 2006. Role of efflux pumps in adaptation and resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to benzalkonium chloride. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:3498-3503. 18. Scallan, E., R. M. Hoekstra, F. J. Angulo, R. V. Tauxe, M. A. Widdowson, S. L. Roy, J. L. Jones, and P. M. Griffin. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States- major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17:7-15. 12. Klaenhammer, T. R. 1984. A general method for plasmid isolation in lactobacilli. Current Microbiol. 10:23-28. 19. Tompkin, R. B. 2002. Control of Listeria monocytogenes in the food-processing environment. J. Food Prot. 65:709-725. 13. Linnan, M. J., L. Mascola, X. D. Lou, V. Goulet, S. May, C. Salminen, D. W. Hird, M. L. Yonekura, P. Hayes, R. Weaver, et al. 1988. Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N. Engl. J. Med. 319:823-828. 20. Tompkin, R. B., V. N. Scott, D. T. Bernard, W. H. Sveum, and K. S. Gombas. 1999. Guidelines to prevent post-processing contamination from Listeria monocytogenes. Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 19:551-562. 21. Zhang, Y., E. Yeh, G. Hall, J. Cripe, A. A. Bhagwat, and J. Meng. 2007. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 113:47-53. September/October Food Protection Trends 361 http://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm071400.htm http://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm071400.htm http://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm071400.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocuments-Regulatoryinformation/FoodProcessing-HACCP/ucm073110.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocuments-Regulatoryinformation/FoodProcessing-HACCP/ucm073110.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocuments-Regulatoryinformation/FoodProcessing-HACCP/ucm073110.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocuments-Regulatoryinformation/FoodProcessing-HACCP/ucm073110.htm

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016