Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 442

PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE
Food Protection Trends, Vol 39, No. 6, p. 442-448
Copyright© 2019, International Association for Food Protection
6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322-2864

Gary R. Gamble,* Kurt C. Lawrence, Bosoon Park,
Seung-Chul Yoon and Gerald W. Heitschmidt
*USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center,
Athens, GA 30605, USA

Food Grade Dye for Assessment of Biofilm Removal from
Stainless Steel by Cleaning and Sanitizing Agents
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate a food
grade dye, erythrosin B, for use in the development of a
quantitative color difference methodology to measure the
efficacy of cleaner/sanitizer solutions in removing biofilm
components from stainless steel surfaces. Biofilms of
Listeria innocua and Pseudomonas putida were grown on
stainless-steel coupons, subjected to various cleaner/
sanitizer treatments, and then stained with erythrosin
B. Resultant coupons were photographed and mean
L*a*b* color differences between background and
dyed area evaluated. Color differences conformed to a
scale correlated with human visual perception. Results
indicated that the method provides sensitivity for visual
appraisal of treatment-response as well as speciesresponse relationships. The method shows potential as
an enhancement for quantitative visual assessment of
cleaning/sanitizing treatments of biofilms in a laboratory
setting, and supplemental research is warranted to
assess its efficacy for GRAS inspection of food processing

environments as part of the Hazard Analysis Critical
Control Point program.

INTRODUCTION
Microbiological contamination caused by inadequate
design of equipment with regard to sanitation or ineffective
sanitation procedures may lead to unacceptable risks in
food production. Very low levels of contamination can
lead to serious illness. In the case of Listeria monocytogenes,
the lethal dose for humans has not been ascertained, but
studies on mice suggest that ingestion of as few as 100
organisms can lead to abortion or death in pregnant or
immunocompromised individuals (7). Improperly cleaned
surfaces may have organic soil or biofilm material attached,
which can promote more soil buildup. The presence of water
may contribute to the development of new bacterial biofilms
that potentially contain pathogenic organisms (4, 14, 18).
When food passes over these contaminated surfaces, crosscontamination may occur (2, 3, 5). In addition, the type of
food contact surface and its topography play a role in the

*Author for correspondence: Phone: +1 706.546.3016; Fax: +1 706.546.3607; Email: gary.gamble@ars.usda.gov

442

Food Protection Trends November/December


http://www.foodprotection.org/files/food-protection-trends/nov-dec-19-gamble.pdf

Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019

Food Grade Dye for Assessment of Biofilm Removal from Stainless Steel by Cleaning and Sanitizing Agents
Coming Events
Industry Products
General Interest Paper The Need for Prevention-based Food Safety Programs for Fresh Produce
PDG Highlight Developing Food Safety Professionals PDG
Beyond the Bio Steve Murphy
Validating Responses to a Food Safety Survey with Observations of Food Preparation Behaviors Among Limited Resource Populations
IAFP 2019 IN REVIEW
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 435
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 436
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 437
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 438
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 439
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 440
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 441
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Food Grade Dye for Assessment of Biofilm Removal from Stainless Steel by Cleaning and Sanitizing Agents
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 443
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 444
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 445
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 446
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 447
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 448
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Validating Responses to a Food Safety Survey with Observations of Food Preparation Behaviors Among Limited Resource Populations
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 450
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 451
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 452
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 453
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 463
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 464
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - IAFP 2019 IN REVIEW
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 466
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 467
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 468
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 564
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 565
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 566
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 567
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Beyond the Bio Steve Murphy
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 569
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 570
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - PDG Highlight Developing Food Safety Professionals PDG
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - General Interest Paper The Need for Prevention-based Food Safety Programs for Fresh Produce
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 573
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 574
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 575
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 576
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 577
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 578
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 579
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 581
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 582
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 583
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 584
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 585
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover4
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