Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 459
Additionally, observers noted that over half (60.5%) of
participants introduced one or more opportunities for
cross-contamination by touching other ingredients and
kitchen surfaces after contact with raw meat and before
washing hands, and nearly one third (31.6%) of participants
introduced the potential for cross-contaminating kitchen
surfaces by washing raw chicken prior to cooking it.
These findings related to cross-contamination are in
line with findings of other studies that have used tracer
organisms to assess cross-contamination of kitchen surfaces
during food preparation activities among study subjects
with and without exposure to food safety information (5,
21). Further, although the proportion of study participants
who introduced the opportunity for cross-contamination
by washing raw chicken is concerning, a recent nationally
representative survey found that nearly 70% of respondents
reported engaging in this unsafe food preparation practice
(15). Given that participants in the present study had
received nutrition and food safety education, it is plausible
that the lower occurrence of this behavior among this study
group may be attributable to the intervention. However,
without a baseline assessment or a control group, it is
not possible to draw this conclusion. Additionally, earlier
evaluations of home food preparation behaviors have shown
that individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are
less likely than those of higher SES groups to engage in
unsafe food safety practices (8, 14). While the reason for this
observation is not fully understood, this may also explain the
difference between the results of this study, conducted with
limited resource populations, and those of the nationally
representative survey.
Finally, while survey responses to the question "How often
do you use a meat thermometer to see if meat is cooked to a
safe temperature?" were validated by participants' reported
and actual use of food thermometers during the food
preparation activity, responses to this survey item were not a
valid indicator of whether or not participants cooked either
chicken or beef to the appropriate temperature. Only 13.2%
of survey respondents reported that they often, usually, or
always use food thermometers to see if meat is cooked to
a safe temperature. During the food preparation activity,
only 7.9% of participants reported that they use a food
thermometer at home, while 13.5% of participants correctly
used the thermometer to check the chicken and 18.4%
correctly used the thermometer to check the beef. While the
majority of participants cooked the chicken (58.1%) and beef
(64.5%) to safe temperatures, most participants reported
that they determined the doneness of meats by the color of
the cooked meat and its juices or by cooking time. These
findings are comparable to those of a national study of the
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants,
and Children (WIC), in which the majority of respondents
(77.4%) used the color of meat as an indicator of its being
cooked to correct temperature and only 7.7% used a food
thermometer (16). Further, findings from the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration Food Safety Survey have also shown
that food thermometer use has not increased significantly
over the past decade, with the 2016 results showing just
19% of American consumers use a food thermometer to
determine whether chicken is adequately cooked and 10%
use a food thermometer to determine whether hamburgers
are adequately cooked (9). Nonetheless, educational
messages should emphasize that measurement of the
internal temperature with a calibrated food thermometer
is the most reliable method to determine whether meat
has been adequately cooked (9), and reliance on color or
cooking time to determine when meat has reached a safe
internal temperature can result in both undercooking and
overcooking (3, 20).
This study makes a contribution to the literature by
reporting food safety survey data and performing direct
observations of food safety behaviors among limitedresource populations. The study also evaluated the
criterion validity of food safety questions included in the
evaluation tool that is used nationally to evaluate impact
of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program.
However, it is not without limitations.
Because of the small sample size, the researchers were
unable to distinguish between varying answers on the Likert
scale, and because of the convenience sampling methodology,
results may not be generalizable to populations in other
geographic areas. Nonetheless, results are in line with
previous findings regarding food safety behaviors in home
kitchens suggesting that the study sample was representative
of the target population (13, 16). Additionally, while the
sample size was less robust than desired, the data provide
important insight into the food safety practices within a
population that is often excluded from research efforts
because of barriers such as limited access to transportation
and childcare (2).
It is also important to note that there is no statistical
test of validity. However, researchers based their threshold
for criterion validity on previous work that has been
instrumental in the design and conduct of food safety
evaluations (13). A final point of discussion is that the
present study was performed in community test kitchens,
and equipment and the supplies provided may not be
present in the participants' homes. Having access to certain
kitchen equipment and/or the act of being observed during
the food preparation may have caused study participants
to alter their usual behaviors. However, conducting the
observations within community kitchens permitted greater
standardization across test sites and served as a less intrusive
method for working with the target population.
In summary, although responses to the food safety
survey questions included in the 2018 EFNEP evaluation
tool were largely validated by observing behaviors during
the food preparation activity, the percentage of behaviors
November/December Food Protection Trends
459
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019
Food Grade Dye for Assessment of Biofilm Removal from Stainless Steel by Cleaning and Sanitizing Agents
Coming Events
Industry Products
General Interest Paper The Need for Prevention-based Food Safety Programs for Fresh Produce
PDG Highlight Developing Food Safety Professionals PDG
Beyond the Bio Steve Murphy
Validating Responses to a Food Safety Survey with Observations of Food Preparation Behaviors Among Limited Resource Populations
IAFP 2019 IN REVIEW
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 435
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 436
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 437
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 438
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 439
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 440
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 441
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Food Grade Dye for Assessment of Biofilm Removal from Stainless Steel by Cleaning and Sanitizing Agents
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 443
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 444
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 445
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 446
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 447
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 448
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Validating Responses to a Food Safety Survey with Observations of Food Preparation Behaviors Among Limited Resource Populations
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 450
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 451
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 452
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 453
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 454
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 455
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 456
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 457
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 458
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 459
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 460
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 461
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 462
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 463
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 464
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - IAFP 2019 IN REVIEW
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 466
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 467
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 468
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 469
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 470
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 471
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 472
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 473
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 475
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 477
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 480
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 481
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 483
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 484
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 485
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 486
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 487
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 488
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 489
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 490
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 491
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 492
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 493
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 494
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 495
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 496
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 497
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 498
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 499
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 500
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 501
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 502
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 503
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 504
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 505
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 506
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 507
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 508
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 509
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 510
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 511
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 512
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 513
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 514
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 515
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 516
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 517
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 518
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 519
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 520
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 521
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 522
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 523
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 524
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 525
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 526
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 527
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 528
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 529
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 530
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 531
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 532
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 533
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 534
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 535
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 536
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 537
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 538
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 539
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 540
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 541
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 542
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 543
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 544
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 545
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 546
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 555
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 557
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 558
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 563
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 564
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 565
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 566
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 567
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Beyond the Bio Steve Murphy
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 569
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 570
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - PDG Highlight Developing Food Safety Professionals PDG
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - General Interest Paper The Need for Prevention-based Food Safety Programs for Fresh Produce
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 573
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 574
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 575
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 576
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 577
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 578
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 579
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 581
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 582
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 583
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 584
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - 585
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2019 - Cover4
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