Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 351

behaviors of value chain actors within the Cambodian
vegetable value chain by conducting personal interviews
and (2) to identify potential practices that contribute to
the cross-contamination of vegetables moving throughout
the value chain. Information from this study will be a
valuable resource for the creation of strong food safety
recommendations and targeted interventions that will
prevent the contamination of vegetables in Cambodia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research protocol and data collection tools were
reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at
Kansas State University (IRB #8821.1).
Participants and data collection
A survey tool with four different questionnaires was
designed to investigate food safety practices of Cambodian
farmers, collectors, distributors and vendors. Each
questionnaire consisted of a different set of questions
designed to investigate sanitation and hygiene practices
at the various steps of the vegetable value chain and
was created with online software developed by Harvard
Humanitarian Initiative to serve as a "suite of tools for field
data collection" (KoBoToolbox, Harvard Humanitarian
Initiative; (22). This software was chosen because of a
unique feature that allows surveys to be taken in offline
mode, which allowed for data collection and storage in areas
without an Internet connection.
Despite the presence of imported vegetables, the survey
solely focused on local actors. For this reason, the handling
practices related to imported vegetables were not evaluated
at the farm level, although they were considered at the
collector, distributor, and vendor levels. Additionally,
an observational assessment was conducted in informal
markets, to examine the food safety practices of vendors, as
well as the hygiene condition of bathroom facilities.
Survey questionnaires were developed in English and
translated into Khmer (the local language) and orally
administered, by students from the Royal University
of Agriculture (RUA), Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to
participants through an in-person one-on-one interview.
The survey was administered orally to gain more reflective
answers, ensure the respondents' understanding of complex
questions, and maintain quality control over response rate.
Students were trained and the questionnaire was field-tested
prior to survey administration. Participants were classified
as one of the four vegetable value chain actor types initially
identified by Sokhen et al. (38): (1) farmers, (2) collectors,
(3) distributors, or (4) vendors. Informed consent, as well
as participant category, was ensured by verbal confirmation
before survey administration. At the end of data collection,
a total of 102 farmers, 21 collectors, 30 distributors, and
100 vendors were interviewed. Interviews were conducted
in Battambang (rural; 137 respondents) and Siem Reap

(peri-urban; 116 respondents) provinces. Differences in
interview numbers were based upon the number of market
vendors in each location. In addition, visual assessments
were conducted on 52 (15 in Battambang province and 37
in Siem Reap province) vegetable vendors.
Battambang province is located in the northwest region
of Cambodia (4) and is considered a rural province. In
contrast, Siem Reap province, which is also located in the
northwest region of the country, is a peri-urban province
(i.e., an interface between rural and urban areas, which
functions to provide food and natural resources to the
cities through agriculture activities (13)). The rationale
for selection of these provinces was based upon (1) their
classification as United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) Feed the Future Zones of Inquiry;
(2) differences in socioeconomic status and demographics
(28); and (3) the fact that a parallel study of the microbial
contamination of vegetables was also being conducted in
these two provinces.
Farmer questionnaire
The farmer questionnaire examined the food safety
practices of farmers, with a focus on the cultivation and
harvesting of vegetable crops. Topics included the type of
vegetables grown, type of soil amendments used, cleaning
and storage practices for harvested vegetables, etc. (select
questions are outlined in Table 1). Conditional questions
were included to capture data on organic fertilizer use, such
as aging time (for compost) and time interval between
application and harvest (for fresh manure).
Collector questionnaire
As collectors are generally the value chain actors most
heavily involved with the transportation of crops, the
collector questionnaire focused on the food safety practices
during the transport of vegetables. Questions were asked
about topics that included the following: the person and
location the vegetables were purchased from; the cleaning,
inspecting and sorting process of vegetables received; the
type and cleaning practices used for transport vehicles, and
the storage method for received vegetables.
Distributor and vendor questionnaire
Both the distributor and vendor survey questionnaires
focused on the handling of vegetables during selling. Topics
covered in questions included the person and location the
vegetables were purchased from, the cleaning, inspecting and
sorting process of received vegetables, the basic food safety and
hygiene practices during preparation of selling areas, etc. Visual
assessments for vendors consisted of observations on basic
food safety practices (e.g., handwashing, tarp condition) and
stall sanitation (e.g., vendor location within the market). Visual
assessment of bathrooms consisted of observations of facility
condition and availability of handwashing stations.

September/October Food Protection Trends

351



Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020

Self-Reported Food Safety Behaviors in Independent Chinese and Mexican Restaurants in Kansas
Microbiological Quality of Bottled Water Obtained from Mexican Small Water Purification Plants: A Pilot Study, Carried Out in Morelia (Central Mexico)
Listeria monocytogenes Occurrence and Adherence to Recommendations: Small and Large Retail Delicatessens in Iowa
Utilization of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Investigate the Impacts of a Pilot Media Campaign Targeting Safe Cooking Techniques and Proper Thermometer Use
Defining the Flow and Food Safety Behaviors of Actors in the Cambodian Vegetable Value Chain
Beyond the Bio Yaohua "Betty" Feng
PDG Highlight Meat and Poultry Safety and Quality PDG
General Interest Paper Identifying Vulnerable Populations at Risk of Foodborne Infection: People with Diabetes Mellitus
Industry Products
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 289
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 290
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 291
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 292
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 293
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 294
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 295
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Self-Reported Food Safety Behaviors in Independent Chinese and Mexican Restaurants in Kansas
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 297
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 298
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 299
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 300
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 301
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 302
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 303
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 304
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 305
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 306
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 307
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 308
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 309
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 310
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 311
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 312
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 313
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Microbiological Quality of Bottled Water Obtained from Mexican Small Water Purification Plants: A Pilot Study, Carried Out in Morelia (Central Mexico)
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 315
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 316
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 317
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 318
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 319
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Listeria monocytogenes Occurrence and Adherence to Recommendations: Small and Large Retail Delicatessens in Iowa
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 321
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 322
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 323
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 324
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 325
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 326
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 327
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 328
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 329
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 330
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 331
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Utilization of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Investigate the Impacts of a Pilot Media Campaign Targeting Safe Cooking Techniques and Proper Thermometer Use
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 333
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 334
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 335
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 336
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 337
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 338
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 339
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 340
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 341
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 342
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 343
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 344
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 345
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 346
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 347
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 348
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Defining the Flow and Food Safety Behaviors of Actors in the Cambodian Vegetable Value Chain
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 350
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 351
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 352
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 353
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 354
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 355
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 356
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 357
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 358
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 359
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 360
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 361
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 362
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 363
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Beyond the Bio Yaohua "Betty" Feng
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 365
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 366
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 367
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 368
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 369
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 370
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 371
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 372
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - PDG Highlight Meat and Poultry Safety and Quality PDG
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - General Interest Paper Identifying Vulnerable Populations at Risk of Foodborne Infection: People with Diabetes Mellitus
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 375
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 376
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 377
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 378
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 379
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 381
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 382
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 383
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover4
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