Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 163
perature for >2 h (6, 16). After one researcher independently
coded produce washing practices on all the videos, a second
researcher validated the coding.
Data analysis
Data on all videos that met the inclusion criteria were compiled
in an Excel 2021 spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation,
Redmond, WA) and were then uploaded to R Studio version
1.4.1717 to conduct frequency tabulations, summary measures,
and statistical testing. Specifically, Pearson's χ2
or Fisher's
exact tests were conducted to evaluate differences in the
factual or nonfactual content status of the videos and specific
practices reported by posting date (prior to versus during the
COVID-19 pandemic). We also evaluated differences in the
factual versus nonfactual status and in the posting date (prior
to versus during the pandemic) by upload source (individual
bloggers versus government or other organizations). We
compared the number of comments, likes, views, and incorrect
food safety techniques reported by videos posted prior to and
during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the number of comments,
likes, and views by the factual versus nonfactual content
status. These continuous variables did not follow a normal distribution;
therefore, a Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted
for these comparisons. For all statistical tests conducted, results
with a P-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Descriptive results
Of a total 100 YouTube videos analyzed, 66 were posted
during the COVID-19 pandemic (median 22 April 2020; range
17 March 2020 to 23 September 2021). The other 34 videos
were posted before the COVID-19 pandemic (median 19
February 2015; range 6 June 2008 to 9 April 2019). Of the 100
videos, 70 contained nonfactual information regarding food
safety techniques for washing fruits and vegetables or storing
produce at room temperature. Most of the videos posted were
from individual video bloggers (83%) compared to other
organizations (12%) and government agencies (5%).
Among videos posted during the COVID-19 pandemic, 55
(83%) contained nonfactual information, a percentage that
was significantly higher than seen in videos posted prior to
the pandemic (Table 1). The most commonly recommended
produce washing methods were vinegar (45.5%), salt (33.3%),
baking soda (28.8%), and soap (25.8%), as shown in Table 1.
Among these methods, significantly more videos posted during
the COVID-19 pandemic recommended using soap (25.8
versus 5.9%) and other washing methods (24.2 versus 2.9%)
compared to prior to the pandemic (Table 1). Temperature
abuse was reported only in videos posted during the pandemic.
Table 2 displays the comparison between the number of
comments, likes, views, and incorrect techniques reported
in videos during versus prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The median number of comments was higher in videos
posted during versus prior to the pandemic (16 versus 4),
whereas the median number of likes was higher prior to the
pandemic (134 versus 84); however, these differences were not
statistically significant. Prepandemic videos had a significantly
higher number of median views (22,787 versus 5,576); this
is influenced by the time frame: 11 years for videos before
COVID-19, 18 months for videos during COVID-19. Videos
TABLE 1. Comparison of factual content and produce washing techniques in videos posted
prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemica
Characteristics
Factual
Soap
Vinegar
Baking soda
Salt
Spices
Lemon
Otherc
Temp abuse
aData are shown as no. (%).
bPearson's χ2
c
test; Fisher's exact test.
Other includes washing fruits and vegetables with potassium permanganate, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, toothpaste, and
essential oils, and also using the dishwasher.
During COVID-19 (N = 66) Before COVID-19 (N = 34)
11 (16.7)
17 (25.8)
30 (45.5)
19 (28.8)
22 (33.3)
4 (6.1)
5 (7.6)
16 (24.2)
5 (7.6)
19 (55.9)
2 (5.9)
13 (38.2)
6 (17.6)
3 (8.8)
1 (2.9)
3 (8.8)
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
P-valueb
<0.001
0.016
0.633
0.329
0.007
0.659
0.900
0.009
0.163
March/April Food Protection Trends 163
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023
Perceptions of Risk, Control, and Responsibility Regarding Food Safety among Consumers in Lebanon
Fresh Produce Harvesting Equipment – A Review of Cleaning and Sanitizing Practices and Related Science
Assessing Physical Attributes Associated with Implementation of Risk Management Practices among Small Strawberry Farms
Evaluating Misinformation on YouTube about Washing Produce Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Minimally Processed Vegetables: Consumer Profile, Consumption Habits, and Perceptions of Microbiological Risk
Beyond the Bio
PDG Highlight
Industry Products
Letter to the Editor
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 105
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 106
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 107
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 108
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 109
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 110
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 111
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Perceptions of Risk, Control, and Responsibility Regarding Food Safety among Consumers in Lebanon
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 113
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 114
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 115
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 116
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 117
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 118
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 119
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 120
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 121
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 122
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 123
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 124
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 125
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Fresh Produce Harvesting Equipment – A Review of Cleaning and Sanitizing Practices and Related Science
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 127
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 128
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 129
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 130
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 131
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 132
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 133
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 134
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 135
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 136
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 137
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 138
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 139
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 140
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 141
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 142
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 143
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Assessing Physical Attributes Associated with Implementation of Risk Management Practices among Small Strawberry Farms
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 145
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 146
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 147
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 148
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 149
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 150
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 151
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 152
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 153
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 154
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 155
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 156
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 157
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 158
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 159
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 160
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Evaluating Misinformation on YouTube about Washing Produce Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 162
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 163
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 164
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 165
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 166
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Minimally Processed Vegetables: Consumer Profile, Consumption Habits, and Perceptions of Microbiological Risk
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 168
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 169
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 170
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 171
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 172
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 173
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 174
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 175
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 176
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 177
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 178
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 179
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Beyond the Bio
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 181
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 182
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - PDG Highlight
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 184
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 185
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 186
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 187
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 189
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 190
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 191
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 192
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Letter to the Editor
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 194
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 195
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 196
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 197
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 198
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - 199
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - March/April 2023 - Cover4
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