Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 366
sampling points, and both were significantly different from
W (control). E. coli in the W sample declined throughout
storage at both 12 and 32°C (Table 3). This reduction in
population was significant at the 1,440- and 2,880-min time
points in water samples stored at 32°C. At the 1,440-min
time point, E. coli populations in the 12°C W sample (5.0 log
CFU/ml) were significantly greater than in the W sample
stored at 32°C (4.1 log CFU/ml).
Table 4 summarizes rain barrel water data and shows that
E. coli was not detected in creek water samples treated with
either Cl or PAA at any of the sampling points, for either
storage temperature, and that both were significantly different
from W. E. coli in the W sample declined throughout storage
at both 12 and 32°C. At the 1,440- and 2,880-min time
points, this reduction in population was significant in water
stored at 32°C. At the 1,440- and 2,880-min time points,
E. coli populations in the 12°C W sample were significantly
greater than in the W sample stored at 32°C. None of the Cland
PAA-treated 5-ml water enrichments were positive for E.
coli on the MAC plates.
Colilert method
Using the Colilert detection method, the time ×
temperature × treatment interaction was significant for
creek water (P = 0.0015) and rain water (P < 0.0001), and
all results are discussed according to time, temperature, and
treatment as a result. Table 5 shows that E. coli populations
were not recovered using the Colilert method at any time
point from 12 or 32°C creek water samples treated with
PAA. At sampling point 0, Cl significantly reduced E. coli
in creek water stored at both temperatures compared with
the W sample. By the 60-min sampling point, E. coli was
not recovered from 12 or 32°C creek water samples treated
with Cl. E. coli in the W sample declined throughout storage
at both 12 and 32°C, and this reduction was significant in
creek water stored at 32°C. E. coli populations in the 12°C W
sample were significantly greater than in the 32°C W sample
at the 1,440- and 2,880-min sampling points.
E. coli was not recovered at any sampling point from 12
and 32°C rain barrel water treated with PAA (Table 6). With
the exception of 1 log MPN/ml of E. coli recovered at 5 min,
E. coli was not recovered from 12°C rain barrel water treated
with Cl. Populations of E. coli in the W sample declined
throughout 12 and 32°C storage, and this decline was
significant in 32°C rain barrel water, resulting in no detection
of E. coli by the 2,880-min sampling point.
DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness
of 25 ppm of Cl and 75 ppm of PAA at reducing E. coli in rain
barrel and creek water to a level of no detectable generic E.
coli per 100 ml of water to determine whether surface water
can be effectively treated for postharvest use in produce
according to the FSMA PSR (15). When using Petrifilm as
366 Food Protection Trends September/October
the enumeration method, the application of PAA (75 ± 5
ppm) and Cl (25 ± 3 ppm) resulted in no detectable E. coli
in 12°C and 32°C creek and rain barrel water at the 0-min
sampling point, which suggests that the 10-s mixing period
was sufficient for reducing ~5 log CFU/ml of E. coli. Like
the Petrifilm method, E. coli was also not detected from
PAA-treated creek and rain barrel samples (12 and 32°C) at
the 0-min sampling point using the Colilert method. As a
general comparison, the Colilert method recovered generic
E. coli from 12°C rain barrel water treated with Cl through
the 5-min sampling point and from 12 and 32°C creek water
treated with Cl through the 60-min sampling point. The
discrepancy in E. coli recovery for Cl-treated water is likely
because Petrifilm plates hold 1 ml of sample, whereas the
Colilert method is based on a 100-ml sample and the larger
sample size improves the likelihood of recovering generic E.
coli when microbial populations are low. The combination
of Petrifilm and Colilert data suggests that PAA is more
efficient at reducing E. coli in surface water sources at the
concentrations tested. The efficacy of PAA has been reported
by several other studies as being more stable in the presence
of organic matter and dissolved substances in comparison to
Cl (13, 28). When used in produce wash water sources with
varied levels of organic matter, most of the Cl is reportedly
associated with small molecular substances, and 50% of the
Cl is reported to be used in the first 5 min (37). Winward
et al. (38) also reported that the protection provided to
microorganisms by water particles significantly decrease as
initial Cl concentration increases. These two studies suggest
rapid killing of suspended microorganisms in the water if the
concentration of Cl is high enough to withstand Cl demand.
McFadden et al. (26) also demonstrated that PAA required
a shorter lag time than Cl to inactivate E. coli, so if the E. coli
population in the water source was resistant or attached to
particles, it might explain why PAA achieved inactivation of
E. coli more rapidly than Cl. The present study also shows
that 25-ppm Cl treatment provided enough residual Cl
treatment to continually decrease E. coli populations until
they were not detected.
Table 1 shows that more E. coli was recovered from creek
water than rain barrel water, and Table 2 highlights notable
differences in physical parameters associated with each water
source. The difference in microbial presence and survival
in these two sources of water could be hypothesized to be
associated with the physicochemical characteristics of each
water source. For instance, the average turbidity and TDS
of the creek water were higher than those of the rain barrel
water (Table 2). The higher turbidity and TDS of creek water
compared with rain barrel water could have influenced the
bacterial protection by particles, which then made E. coli
more recoverable in creek water compared with rain barrel
water. Turbidity is directly correlated to the increase of
total suspended solids, and both have been shown by other
researchers to have a significant effect on the efficacy of
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024
Food Safety Needs Assessment for North American Pecan Shellers
Identifying Training Needs in Washington through Insights from Produce Safety Alliance Grower Training
Hazard versus Risk in Perceptions of Food Safety: The Case of Titanium Dioxide
Peroxyacetic Acid and Chlorine Reduce Escherichia coli in Agricultural Surface Water for Potential Produce Postharvest Uses
Beyond the Bio Jeffrey LeJeune
PDG Highlight Food Packaging
General Interest Paper Promoting Food Safety in the Informal Markets of Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Need for a Rethink
Industry Products
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 329
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 330
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 331
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 332
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 333
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 334
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 335
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Food Safety Needs Assessment for North American Pecan Shellers
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 337
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 338
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 339
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 340
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 341
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 342
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 343
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Identifying Training Needs in Washington through Insights from Produce Safety Alliance Grower Training
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 345
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 346
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 347
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 348
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 349
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 350
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Hazard versus Risk in Perceptions of Food Safety: The Case of Titanium Dioxide
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 352
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 353
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 354
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 355
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 356
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 357
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 358
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Peroxyacetic Acid and Chlorine Reduce Escherichia coli in Agricultural Surface Water for Potential Produce Postharvest Uses
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 360
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 361
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 362
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 363
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 364
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 365
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 366
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 367
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 368
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 369
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Beyond the Bio Jeffrey LeJeune
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 371
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 372
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - PDG Highlight Food Packaging
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 374
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 375
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - General Interest Paper Promoting Food Safety in the Informal Markets of Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Need for a Rethink
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 377
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 378
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 379
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 380
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 381
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 382
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 383
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 385
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 386
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 387
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 388
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 389
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 390
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 391
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover4
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