Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 377
income countries. The track record of such trade-related
interventions is generally good, and many LMICs have
achieved notable successes in exporting higher value, food
safety-sensitive products, including fish, meat, spices, nuts,
fruits, and vegetables (18).
In recent decades, incrementally more attention has been
given to concerns about unsafe food in the domestic markets
of LMICs, including the potential repercussions for public
health, consumer trust, and the achievement of sustainable
development goals (18). This increased attention to food
safety has been spurred by improved estimates of the global
public health burden of FBD (14), better understanding
of the economic costs of unsafe food in rapidly changing
food systems (18), and the devastating public health and/or
commercial consequences of major instances of food fraud
(12, 33).
Much of the emphasis of recent food safety interventions
has focused on central government regulatory and surveillance
capacity (18), that is, development of a functional
national food control system to enforce national or international
standards through surveillance, inspection, and
laboratory testing. In the domestic setting, the primary target
of such efforts is the formal sector and the medium and large
food manufacturers, supermarkets, and commercial farms
therein (15). Two factors explain this targeting. First, emerging
food safety regulatory systems are most appropriate for
larger and formal sector players, whereas it is hard to regulate
commercial entities that are small, not formally registered,
and have high rates of business turnover. Second, central
regulatory agencies with constrained budgets and personnel
tend to focus on those players and locations most easily
identified, reached, and influenced and those for which the
legal consequences of noncompliance can be enforced. The
result is that the informal sector remains largely untouched in
most LMICs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and large parts
of Asia.
THE STATUS OF FOOD SAFETY CONTROL
IN LMICS
Building of effective food control systems is a work
in progress for most LMICs (15). Many countries have
modernized their food laws, often with the support of
international organizations and donors (perhaps most
notably the FAO), yet have made limited progress in
implementing these laws. For example, assessments of
food safety capacity in LMICs have revealed (i) the lack
of a comprehensive national policy, translating into the
lack of clear priorities for intervention; (ii) the presence
of many standards yet a lack of clarity on whether they are
voluntary or mandatory; (iii) fragmentation of institutional
responsibilities among central government institutions; (iv)
limited coordination or delegation of functions between
central institutions and those at the subnational level; and
(v) major gaps in and/or uncoordinated arrangements for
surveillance and assessment of FBD (18). In contrast, many
upper middle-income countries have advanced much further
in developing and utilizing official food control regulations.
Both the WHO (50) and FAO (11) have released global
strategies for food safety covering the period up to 2030.
These strategies emerged from consultative processes and
presumably represent state-of-the-art thinking among food
safety professionals on how best to apply sound science,
emerging technologies, and proven management systems
to assess, manage, and communicate food safety risks.
Each of these strategies outline core principles and key
priorities for promoting capacity, information sharing, etc.
However, these strategies are most relevant for high- and
upper middle-income countries whose food systems are
mostly formalized and where administrative structures and
physical infrastructure are relatively strong. The aspirations
in these plans are also relevant for low- and lower middleincome
countries seeking to provide support and oversight
for their larger and/or export-oriented food enterprises. Yet
these strategies mostly failed to address how LMICs might
better engage with micro and small food enterprises and
better address unsafe food in the informal sector. Ironically,
the informal sector presents the major challenge for LMICs
when it comes to the burden of FBD and thus should be the
priority when it comes to efforts to enhance food safety.
THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN LMICS
The food systems of most LMICs have a hybrid structure,
combining larger players, modern forms of food retail, and
closely coordinated supply chains with a multitude of micro
and small players within informal distribution channels. The
informal sector, predominantly consisting of businesses that
are not formally registered as an economic entity, comprises
a diversity of players including community market vendors,
traditional kiosks, micro food processors and animal
slaughterhouses, street food or food truck vendors, and
operators of small or alleyway restaurants (15). Across the
informal sector, food businesses may vary in the degree to
which they operate in fixed locations or are transient, with
high startup and failure rates.
In many LMICs, the informal sector continues to predominate
in the handling, processing, and distribution of
many foods, although there is wide variation both within
and across countries especially in sub-Saharan Africa and
large parts of Asia. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, 85 to
95% of the market demand for food is serviced by informal
markets (45), with this proportion expected to decline to 50
to 70% by 2040. Surveys across southern Africa have revealed
that 70% of lower income households normally obtain foods
from informal outlets (4). In many African cities, street foods
also account for a significant proportion of daily food intake
for both adults and children (43).
In Vietnam, although the role of supermarkets in food
expenditures has been growing in the largest cities, this
September/October Food Protection Trends 377
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024
Food Safety Needs Assessment for North American Pecan Shellers
Identifying Training Needs in Washington through Insights from Produce Safety Alliance Grower Training
Hazard versus Risk in Perceptions of Food Safety: The Case of Titanium Dioxide
Peroxyacetic Acid and Chlorine Reduce Escherichia coli in Agricultural Surface Water for Potential Produce Postharvest Uses
Beyond the Bio Jeffrey LeJeune
PDG Highlight Food Packaging
General Interest Paper Promoting Food Safety in the Informal Markets of Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Need for a Rethink
Industry Products
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 329
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 330
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 331
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 332
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 333
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 334
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 335
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Food Safety Needs Assessment for North American Pecan Shellers
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 337
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 338
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 339
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 340
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 341
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 342
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 343
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Identifying Training Needs in Washington through Insights from Produce Safety Alliance Grower Training
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 345
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 346
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 347
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 348
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 349
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 350
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Hazard versus Risk in Perceptions of Food Safety: The Case of Titanium Dioxide
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 352
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 353
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 354
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 355
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 356
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 357
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 358
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Peroxyacetic Acid and Chlorine Reduce Escherichia coli in Agricultural Surface Water for Potential Produce Postharvest Uses
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 360
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 361
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 362
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 363
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 364
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 365
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 366
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 367
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 368
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 369
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Beyond the Bio Jeffrey LeJeune
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 371
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 372
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - PDG Highlight Food Packaging
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 374
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 375
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - General Interest Paper Promoting Food Safety in the Informal Markets of Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Need for a Rethink
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 377
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 378
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 379
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 380
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 381
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 382
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 383
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 385
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 386
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 387
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Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 389
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 390
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - 391
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2024 - Cover4
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