Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 412

gender, experience in the food industry, and experience in food
safety. The second section included qualitative and quantitative
questions (e.g., multiple choice, `rank`, Likert scale) regarding
the training, and safety perceptions of the superheated steam
sanitizer system (Table 1). The 10-point Likert scale (1 = likely
and 10 = more likely) was included to evaluate the likelihood
that employee safety concerns would limit the use of this
technology. The question read as follows: " On a scale of 1 to
10, how much do you think employee safety concerns would
limit the use of this technology? " The survey had three main
goals: (1) to assess gained knowledge and awareness regarding
the hazards associated with superheated steam and the safety
measures required for its use, (2) to evaluate the participants
perceptions of safety when operating the equipment, and
(3) to identify any gaps or areas for improvement for this
technology and sanitation equipment.
Participant recruitment
Participants were recruited with digital advertisements
(i.e., flyer and recruitment email) disseminated through the
Cornell email listserv consisting of students, faculty, and
staff as well as through printed recruitment posters. Consent
forms were provided to respondents before participation in
the study, informing them of the purpose of the research,
confidentiality and deidentification, and voluntary
participation within the study. To comply with safety
protocols, participants were informed about appropriate
dress code to perform the trial and were provided appropriate
PPE. The research protocol, which included the safety
training and the survey tool, was reviewed and approved by
the Institutional Review Board for Human Participants at
Cornell University (IRB0147190).
Pilot training experiment and hands-on experience
The pilot training was conducted between March and June
2023 in a laboratory setting and included 24 participants
divided in smaller groups of approximately 8 trainees per
session. Participants were instructed to come to the trial with
their hair secured and wearing long pants and long-sleeved
shirts and closed-toed shoes (excluding fabric tennis shoes)
for basic protection. They were equipped with thermalresistant
waterproof gloves, splash-proof lab goggles, and a
properly fitting lab coat before starting the trial.
To simulate food worker's experience during the sanitation
process with the superheated steam machine and to
evaluate noise safety levels, the ambient noise generated
was measured in a field evaluation. Each measurement was
collected at different locations: the hearing zone of the
operator and 3 ft (0.9 m) away from the operator. Table G-16
of the OSHA noise standard from the 29 CFR 1910.95(b)
(2)) was used as a reference for establishing safe and unsafe
noise levels (36). Noise levels were measured using a
QuestSoundPro sound level meter BHK050005 (Quest®
SoundPro®, TSI Incorporated, MN).
412 Food Protection Trends November/December
During the training, respondents were briefed on their
responsibility to regulate the application of the unit for
microbial inactivation of a 12 × 12-in. (2.5 cm × 2.5-cm)
surface, while maintaining safe operational conditions. This
included determining treatment duration, maintaining a
specified distance between the steam nozzle and the surface,
and following specific tracing patterns on stainless steel
surfaces. Respondents were also informed of their ability to
pause the treatment for breaks if needed. The deidentified
survey was provided to participants after the superheated
stream safety training was completed. Deidentified data
describe records that identifiable information removed or
obscured so that the remaining information does not identify
an individual (35). The survey was filled out by participants,
and researchers expressed their availability for clarification
on ranked questions or open questions (Table S2).
Data management and statistical analyses
Data were summarized with Excel 2019 (Microsoft).
Descriptive statistics (mean, SDs, and percentages) were
analyzed using Excel 2016 to obtain information regarding
the demographics, the participants' perceptions of safety, and
the ease of use of the superheated steam equipment, from
the survey data. Paired t-tests and independent t-tests were
also performed using this program and Jamovi 2.3 software
available at https://www.jamovi.org/.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Literature review findings and information included in
operators' presentation
In total, 23 documents met the criteria for inclusion
in this review and were evaluated for use in the training
presentation content. No studies were found directly
related to superheated steam and operators' personal safety.
Similarly, there were no OSHA regulations specific to manual
operation of superheated steam. The most applicable papers
examined factors that could be extrapolated to superheated
steam sanitation and operator safety. These studies explored
(Table S1) burn severity on hot surfaces (45), combustible
dust dangers in dry food industries (42), and ergonomics
factors to prevent lower back pain due to the weight of the
equipment (44). They also offered insights into saturated
steam sterilization (13) and standard designations for burns
and the impact of contact time on burn severity (3).
Although OSHA regulations for the manual operation of
superheated steam were not found, relevant elements were
identified in the 29 CFR 1910 General Industry Code and
its subparts I and P (39, 41). Within 1910 Subpart I were
elements pertaining to PPE and 1910 Subpart P was related
to Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other HandHeld
Equipment. The OSHA General Duty Clause (1970),
Section 5 - Duties, is applicable across all work environments
beyond hazard-specific standards (38). This section
emphasized the requirement of each employer to furnish a
https://www.jamovi.org/

Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024

Food Safety Related Data Analytics, Digital, and Artificial Intelligence Needs and Opportunities in Controlled Environment Agriculture
Harnessing Sanitation Innovation Safely: A Pilot Study on Operators’ Perceptions and Training When Adopting Superheated Steam in Food Processing Industries
Efficacy of Cleaning and Sanitizing Methods in Reducing Salmonella on Banana Leaves and Bamboo Baskets, Common Surfaces Found in Cambodian Fresh Food Markets
Beyond the Bio Erin Crowley
PDG Highlight Food Safety Assessment, Audit and Inspection PDG
General Interest Paper A Compilation of Histamine-Forming Bacteria Associated with Foods
General Interest Paper Supplementing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point with Root Cause Analysis
Industry Products
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 393
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 394
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 395
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 396
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 397
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 398
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 399
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Food Safety Related Data Analytics, Digital, and Artificial Intelligence Needs and Opportunities in Controlled Environment Agriculture
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 401
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 402
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 403
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 404
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 405
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 406
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 407
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 408
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Harnessing Sanitation Innovation Safely: A Pilot Study on Operators’ Perceptions and Training When Adopting Superheated Steam in Food Processing Industries
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 410
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 411
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 412
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 417
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 418
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 419
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Efficacy of Cleaning and Sanitizing Methods in Reducing Salmonella on Banana Leaves and Bamboo Baskets, Common Surfaces Found in Cambodian Fresh Food Markets
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 421
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 422
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 423
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 427
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 428
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 429
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Beyond the Bio Erin Crowley
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 431
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 432
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - PDG Highlight Food Safety Assessment, Audit and Inspection PDG
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 434
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 435
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 436
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 513
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 514
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 515
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - General Interest Paper A Compilation of Histamine-Forming Bacteria Associated with Foods
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 517
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 518
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 519
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 520
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 521
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 540
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 541
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - General Interest Paper Supplementing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point with Root Cause Analysis
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 543
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 544
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 545
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 546
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Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 555
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 557
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 558
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - 559
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2024 - Cover4
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