FOCUS:POWERTRAIN AND PROPULSION The future of combustion measurement Closed-loop combustion control is already used in several application sectors to increase engine efficiency and reduce emissions during runtime. The large engine (power gen, marine propulsion) is leading here and provides some of the most efficient combustion engines in the world. the technologies work together harmoniously for the expected duty cycles of the power unit. This brings many degrees of freedom and creates a complex task for optimization of the system as a whole. The combustion pressure measurement, and associated data, is the key to understanding the whole combustion, flow and energy conversion process. Now this task becomes even more complicated when advanced e-fuels are added into the equation, along with new combustion concepts to increase combustion efficiency - a 22 November 2021 specific example being " jet " or " pre-chamber " ignition for gasoline (SI) engine concepts. This topic is a good example of the current challenges and brings some interesting complexity for the combustion pressure measurement chain. With this application, it is necessary to understand the pressure growth inside the pre-chamber, as well as in the main combustion chamber itself! Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier for combustion engines - and this is being explored and optimized as a solution for many applications, as well as being a solution that can provide an easy migration path to reduce carbon from transportation (when compared to other technologies). But hydrogen combustion has its own challenges - to be able to characterise and optimize combustion effectively, for production use applications. UPDATE Kistler