Aerospace & Defense Technology - September 2021 - 23

RF & Microwave Technology
Enhancement of key capabilities from IMT-Advanced to IMT-2020
The importance of key capabilities in different usage scenarios
o
Enhanced mobile
broadband
Area traffic
capacity
Peak
data rate
i
d
w
o
Spectrum
efficiency
Area traffic
capacity
(Mbit/s/m2
)
10
1
0.1
1×
1
Spectrum
efficiency
3×
p
User experienced
data rate
20
IMT-2020
10
100
Peak data rate
(Gbit/s)
User experienced
data rate
(Mbit/s)
1×
350
10×
100×
Network
energy efficiency
Massive machine
type communications
Connection density
Latency
Ultra-reliable
and low latency
communications
106
Connection density
(devices/km2
)
Mobility
Network
energy efficiency
105
10
1
Latency
(ms)
IMT-advanced
400
500
Mobility
(km/h)
IMT-2020 set a high bar for future telecommunications performance that will likely require substantial changes to every aspect of the telecommunications infrastructure.
This
article discusses 5G hardware RF
test challenges and highlights several
current developments in research and
test component selection that move toward
mitigating the challenges.
Millimeter-Wave Test Challenges
Until 3GPP Release 15, the highest frequency
of cellular telecommunications
reached only a few gigahertz. Though
there are wireless networking standards
(WiFi IEEE 802.11.ac) that operate between
5 GHz and 6 GHz, these systems
were specifically designed for shortrange
(tens of meters) networking communications.
With the introduction of
FR2 millimeter-wave frequencies, cellular
technology moved in a single iteration
to a technology node with a very
different makeup than that of commercial
telecommunications technology.
Microwave/millimeter-wave hardware
manufacturers and suppliers have
catered primarily to applications in
military/defense, aerospace, space,
weather, and scientific research rather
than telecom. These providers have
typically produced small volumes of
highly custom components designed
to meet stringent criteria specific to the
application being served. Designing
products that overcome the intrinsic
challenges of millimeter-wave operation
requires niche design expertise, familiarity
with the nuances of comImmunity
Requirements
80-750 MHz 3V/m (ETSI 301 489-1)
0.75-6 GHz 3 V/m or 10 V/m for telecom
network equipment (TNE) (ETSI 301 489-1)
6-18 GHz 3 V/m or 10 V/m for TNE
>18 GHz *N/A Enclosure Port
Same as
ETSI 301 489-1
DC Network
Power Port
AC Mains
Power Port
Same as
Antenna Port
IEC CISPR 35
Telecom. Port
Emissions Requirements
0.03-6 GHz *Same as IEC CISPR 32
6-40 GHz *FCC Part 15
40-100+ GHz *Pending
Enclosure Port
Same as
IEC CISPR 35
Antenna Port
AC Mains
Power Port
DC Network
Power Port
Same as
ETSI 301 489-1
ITU-T Immunity and Emissions Test Recommendations for 5G.
puter-aided design (CAD) tools in the
millimeter-wave spectrum, substantial
computing power for simulations,
lossy interconnect, high-cost test and
measurement equipment, extremely
precise and repeatable manufacturing
capability, and well-trained technicians
capable of performing exacting
inspections, quality control, and tuning
procedures.
There are several physical phenomena
that become more significant at
Aerospace & Defense Technology, September 2021 www.aerodefensetech.com
Intro
Cov
ToC
+
-
A
µ
higher frequencies. There are also a variety
of features of RF components and
interconnect that are correlated to the
size of the operating wavelength. For instance,
RF losses increase as a function
of frequency, as factors like skin effect
and frequency-dependent conductivity
and loss of materials become more
prevalent in the millimeter-wave spectrum.
Also, transmission line (coaxial
cables and microstrip/striplines) dimensions
must be proportionally smaller to
23
Broadcast RX Tuner Port
RF Modulator Output Port
Wired Network Port
Optical Fiber Port
Signal/control Port
Same as IEC CISPR 32
Same as IEC CISPR 32
Same as IEC CISPR 32
Same as IEC CISPR 32
Same as IEC CISPR 32
No Requirement
Telecom. Port
Broadcast RX Tuner Port
RF Modulator Output Port
Wired Network Port
Optical Fiber Port
Signal/control Port
Same as ETSI 301 489-1
Same as IEC CISPR 35
Same as IEC CISPR 35
Same as ETSI 301 489-1
Same as ETSI 301 489-1
Same as ETSI 301 489-1
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Aerospace & Defense Technology - September 2021

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