Tech Briefs Magazine - May 2021 - PIT-25
Imaging Space Debris in High Resolution
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics - SIAM (Philadelphia, PA)
itter is not only a problem on Earth.
According to NASA, there are currently millions of pieces of space junk in
the range of altitudes from 200 to 2000
kilometers above the Earth's surface,
which is known as low Earth orbit
(LEO). Most of the junk is comprised of
objects created by humans, like pieces of
old spacecraft or defunct satellites. This
space debris can reach speeds of up to
18,000 miles per hour, posing a major
danger to the 2612 satellites that currently operate at LEO. Without effective
tools for tracking space debris, parts of
LEO may even become too hazardous
for satellites.
In a paper in the SIAM Journal on
Imaging Sciences, Matan Leibovich
(New
York
University),
George
Papanicolaou (Stanford University), and
Chrysoula Tsogka (University of
California, Merced) introduce a new
method for taking high-resolution
images of fast-moving and rotating
objects in space, such as satellites or
L
debris in LEO. They created an imaging
process that first utilizes a novel algorithm to estimate the speed and angle at
which an object in space is rotating, then
applies those estimates to develop a
high-resolution picture of the target.
They used a theoretical model of a
space imaging system to construct and
test their imaging process. The model
depicts a piece of fast-moving debris as a
cluster of very small, highly reflective
objects that represent the strongly
reflective edges of an item in orbit, such
as the solar panels on a satellite. The
cluster of reflectors all move together
with the same speed and direction and
rotate about a common center. In the
model, multiple sources of radiation on
the Earth's surface - such as the
ground control stations of global navigation satellite systems - emit pulses that
are reflected by target pieces of space
debris. A distributed set of receivers
then detects and records the signals that
bounce off the targets.
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The model focuses on sources that
produce radiation in the X-band, or
from frequencies of 8 to 12 gigahertz. " It
is well known that resolution can be
improved by using higher frequencies,
such as the X- band, " Tsogka said.
" Higher frequencies, however, also
result in distortions to the image due to
ambient fluctuations from atmospheric
effects. " Signals are distorted by turbulent air as they travel from the target to
receivers, which can make the imaging
of objects in LEO quite challenging. The
first step of the authors' imaging process
was thus to correlate the data taken at
different receivers, which can help
reduce the effects of these distortions.
The diameter of the area encompassed by the receivers is called the physical aperture of the imaging system - in
the model, this is about 200 kilometers.
Under normal imaging conditions, the
physical aperture's size determines the
resolution of the resulting image; a larger aperture begets a sharper picture.
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Photonics & Imaging Technology, May 2021
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Tech Briefs Magazine - May 2021
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